THE INCAS AND THEIR CONCEPT OF THE WORLD.

Since the Incas civilization arose from the highlands of the Andes Mountains in South America and their concept about the world was significantly different from the ones coming from the Old World.
They used a distinct variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation to incorporate a large portion of Western South America, centered on the Andean Mountain Ranges, including besides Peru, large parts of modern Ecuador, Western and South Central Bolivia, NorthWest Argentina, North and Central Chile, and a small part of Southern Colombia into a state comparable to the historical empires of Eurasia.
The term Inca means "Ruler." And they referred to their empire as Tahuantinsuyo, "the Four Corners of the World," symbolizing a group of four powers taken together. The empire was divided into four quarters whose corners whose corners met at the capital, Cuzco.
The name Cuzco is derived from the Quechua phrase "QusQu Wanka" ("Rock of the Owl"), related to the city's foundational myth of the Ayar siblings. The city is located on the Eastern end, its elevation is around 3,400m (11,200ft). The city was planned as an effigy in the shape of a puma, a sacred animal.
The Incas had no written language so they did not record their myths in writing. Instead they developed a high degree of understanding in things pertaining to the dream world, the world of the spirits. They developed a class of professionals storytellers and performers trained to recite the powerful words that transcended the physical world in order to teach the official state history entrusted to them from old, even before the creation of the World. Their myths taught significant truths within each cultural group that represented their specific landscape. All that is known from it, is based on what was recorded by priests, from the iconography on Incan pottery and architecture, and from the myths and legends that have survived time and is still active among the descendants that continue with their customs.
At the center of Inca religion and mythology was the worship of the Sun, believed to be the ancestral father of the Inca people. They were told that in the most ancient of times the earth was covered in darkness. Then, out of the cosmic waters of the Lake Collasuyo, the god Con Tici Viracocha emerged, bringing some humans with Him. Viracocha  then created the Sun (Inti), the moon, and the stars to light the World. Then, out of great cosmic rocks, Viracocha fashioned more human beings. Then He sent these people off into every corner of the World. He kept the male and female forces with him at the center of the universe, creating its replica in the earth, naming the city "Cuzco" meaning "the navel of the World."
The god Viracocha was in the form of a man without bones, and the forms or entities belonging to that dimension were numerous, and varying in their importance, but all in same way connected with Him and the world of man. Some were shape-changers, transformed from or into humans or natural species or into natural features such rocks, living something of their spiritual essence at the places where they were assigned.
They ancestral beings were described often as giant animals or people belonging to the dream world. Mountains, rivers, animals and plant species, and other natural and cultural resources came into being as a result of events which took place inside the world of shadows. The routes taken by this creatures in the dream world across the land were duplicated in a very sophisticated way along the Incan territory because they linked all the sacred sites into a web of a great spiritual power strong enough to maintain the union of the whole empire. It came from the ancestral time and was passed down to the next generations in a continuous line. The underlying relationships between the sacred places in the upper world and certain landscapes in the middle world were eternal. This was a spiritual identity, rather than a matter of mere and superficial belief. The spiritual world pre-existed the physical world and was designed to persist while the world of the humans was only temporary.
The Inca civilization learned from the stories recited to them that a society must not be human-centered but rather land centered, otherwise they forget their origin and purpose. It was understood that humans are prone to exploitative behavior if they are not constantly reminded that all of us are interconnected with the rest of the universe, that humans as individuals are only temporal in time, and past and future must be included in the perception of their purpose in this life.
The Inca empire and culture was largely destroyed by a race prone to exploitative behavior. They destroyed what they couldn't understand.
People come and go but the Land, and stories about the Land, stay. This is a wisdom that takes lifetimes of listening, observing and experiencing. Only then a deep understanding of human nature and their sacred environment is achieved. It cannot be described in physical terms. They are subtle feelings that resonate through the bodies of these people when talking and being with them, then these feelings can truly be appreciated. This is the intangible reality of the People of the High Andes that still exists.

INCAS RESPECT FOR THE PLANETARY SYSTEM.

If we look at the planetary system in the way that astronomers do, we will never be knowledgeable to decipher the purpose of everything in it. The recent planetary research through the probes revealed a shocking real knowledge about the contents of the cosmos. The slow and steady movement of the respective planets around the Sun is a sign of the clock-like regularity and order in the Solar System.
The Incas and the civilizations before them were sky watchers and their description is recorded in countless sacred traditions from every corner of the their world. The planets were surrounded by ancient folklore that overlooked the vital substance of their beliefs that kept them alive. Everything that surrounded them had a prominent role in their mythological traditions and religious rituals. For them this world was a world of opposing forces, a world of duality.
The stars seemed to them a unique example of this duality, and they held forces represented by animated entities. The details of the complex movements of them served as important harbingers of agricultural and herding calendars, war and peace, feast and famine, pestilence and health. They learned to watch every nuance for the clues they could bring and the nature they had in store. They learned to predict accurately, for years and decades to come, the rising, setting, dimming, brightening, and looping of every celestial bodies that were very familiar to them, since the cosmos' appearance hardly changed for millions of years.
Two important factors have the Inca's observations of the stars and constellations. First , the Inca Empire lay almost entirely within the Southern Hemisphere. The Sun sat comfortable in the middle (Cuzco) of its extremes borders. It defined the equinox, the point equidistant between the extremes of the North and South Solstice rise and set exactly points. They knew in detail many of the stars and constellations belonging to the Southern Hemisphere. The Second Factor is that the Inca projected from the cosmos the identities of the animals, birds, and other objects of nature and culture that made up their own world. For instance, they recognized in the cluster of stars known to us as The Pleiades as a cosmic storehouse ("Collca"), also as a pile ("Cotu"), or as a sign of sickness ("Oncoy"). This star group was observed very closely for the cosmic agricultural calendar.  The V-shaped group os stars we call The Hyades was also referred as a cosmic storehouse. Both the Southern Cross and the Belt of Orion were identified as cosmic bridges or upright stakes ("Chacana"). As bridges, these two star grouping were considered to span the Milky Way, which was know as "the sacred celestial River" ("Mayu).
If you like planets, as the Incas did, you can witness an awesome planetary event during the month of December 2015, if you are in North America. The two most noticeable planets Venus (brightest) and Jupiter (second-brightest) are going to be dazzling in the sky, all month long.

THE INCA'S GALACTIC CENTER : THE MILKY WAY

The impressive glowing band of our galaxy -the Milky Way- with its patches of light and dark that stretches across the Andes Mountains in the Southern Hemisphere, were very important to the Incas religion. They identified constellations and individual stars and assigned them a purpose. They grouped the stars into constellations. Also the Incas were one of the very few cultures who found constellations in the absence of stars. In addition, they also recognized the dark clouds (Llana Phuyu). The non-luminous part of the Milky Way called the Great Rift (The Dark River), and it is made of overlapping dust clouds containing about 1 million solar masses of plasma and dust at a distance of about 300 light years from the Earth.
For the Incas, whose empire at its height thrived in the Andes in Western South America, and stretched from present day Ecuador and Colombia, to Chile, the Milky Way ("Mayu") was a sacred live-giving River in the cosmos with its earthly  counterpart -the Urubamba River- in the Sacred Valley, high up in the Andes Mountains (in Peru).
The Incas grouped constellations into two different types -luminous and dark. The luminous was made up of sparkling stars that depicted geometric forms. They were seen as inanimate. The dark cloud (spots) and streaks were contained within the dark blotches of the Milky Way, and were considered living forms, representing silhouettes of animals the Incas knew that came to drink from the waters of the celestial River, obscuring the heavenly glow of the Milky Way ("Mayu").
Many of the stars in the constellations were there to protect their animals. Every animal had a corresponding star or constellation which would look out for it. The Incas believed that the Creator God "Viracocha" had planned all the cosmos for the protection of all living things.
One of the most important dark cloud constellations was -The Llama ("Yacana")- which rises exactly above Cuzco, the ancient capital city of the Inca Empire, during the month of November. The constellation consists of two llamas, a mother and baby. They are a large series of dark streaks West of the "Yuthu" (partridge), with its suckling baby stretched out beneath it. The mother Llama has a long neck with its eyes in its neck (there is no head). The eyes -Alpha and Beta Centauri- were known as its eyes (Llamacnawin). Llamas were of great importance to the Inca, they were food, transportation, clothing material, and sacrifices to their divinities. These sacrifices often took place at certain times with astronomical significance such as equinoxes and solstices. Llamas herders were particularly attentive to the movements of the celestial Llama and offered it sacrifices.
Another dark constellation known to them was -The Serpent ("Mach'aguay"), a wavy dark band (black ribbon). It emerges head-first above Cuzco during the month of August and sets in February, when its earthly counterparts become visible and more active in the area, because, interestingly, this mirrors the activity of real snakes in the zone, which are more active during the Andean rainy season. The dark contellation "Mach'aguay," according to Inca beliefs, was in charge of all the snakes and vipers on Earth, and offerings were made by the Incas to create an energy shield to protect themselves from snake powerful bites. Close by was a small dark spot called "Hanp Atu" (toad); and near that was another dark spot, at the foot of the Southern Cross, called ""Yuthu"(partridge).
The Incas thought of themselves as descendants of the Sun ("Inti"). They did know that the spirit of their god was a gigantic ball of energy inside their celestial River "Mayu" at the speed of 225km per second. The sun and moon were sacred and temples and pillars were laid out specifically so that their heavenly bodies would pass over them or through windows on certain days, such as the Summer Solstice.
The reason why the Incas revered the cosmos and the celestial events was that their observations of stars, constellations (dark and stellar), and of the movements of the sun and the moon, provided them with units of cosmological time, and a calendar system which helped them plan agricultural and herding activities.
The Festival of the Inti Raymi is still celebrated in the Andes. "Inti Raymi" was celebrated by the Incas on the shortest day of the year during the Winter Solstice, and was the most important event in their lives.

THE ASTRAL WORLD OF THE INCA RELIGION

The Inca Religion was capable of incorporating the religious features of most absorbed cultures along their territory. The setting for their beliefs throughout the whole Empire had been preordained over the previous two thousand years. Two principal foundations governed it : a general recognition of certain Creator deity and a whole pantheon of natural forces (related spirits, minor deities and demons).
The main religious novelty introduced with Inca domination was their demand to be recognized as direct descendants of the Sun god (Inti). As such, they had no need to destroy Huacas and oracles of the conquered cultures; on the contrary, certain sacred sites were recognized as intrinsically holy, and as powerful places for communication with the spirit world.
There were distinct layers in the Inca religious beliefs : -the highest level. -the astral level. -the earthly level.
The highest level corresponded to Viracocha, the Creator god who brought Live (Sacred Consciousness) to the World.
Below this, the astral substance. Before incarnating into the physical level, the descending soul was thought to have a journey through the astral layers collecting enough forces used as a vehicle to incarnate into matter. The planets and all the manifestations in the cosmos were considered to be the physical bodies of some very large beings. The spirits of them  were the celestial gods: -The sun as the head. -The moon. -And certain stars, particularly, The Pleiades.
The earthly level corresponded to the man world, and at the same time, the manifestation (mirror) of all the forces that existed in the spiritual world.
Everything was thought to have a soul and was considered part of the whole astral substance from which each of these celestial gods took a part of it. From each of these gods came channels of interaction between the individual human being and their surroundings and between groups of individuals and their surroundings, making a whole sacred balanced forced capable of unify the whole Empire.
The position of the planets and any movement in the celestial world was acknowledged with extreme care because it had a direct correlation to the Earth balance and the seasons. Andean agriculture was based on this calendar and, since food grown at such altitude required a very balanced climate and an enormous strength in manpower, they were and still are the best in the world in achieving it.

THE INCAS WERE PROFOUNDLY RELIGIOUS.

The Incas gave cohesion to the Empire by practicing an inclusive form of religion. Having respect and understanding of the Spirit-Gods associated with places and objects and profound religious roots that let them have a clear view of the spiritual language of the new cultures conquered by them simply they absorbed into their pantheon the spirit-gods that governed the lives and lands of the conquered ones creating a powerful pantheon of deities.
The Inca deities occupied the three realms : Hanan Pacha, the celestial realm; Uku Pacha, the inner earth; Kay Pacha, the outer earth where humans live.
The Incas believed that the spiritual realm was governed by two sorts of gods: Greater Gods, who were individual, specific deities who ruled as a sort of pantheon, and the Lesser Gods or Huacas which were Spirits tied to a place or object such as a cave, river or boulder. Of the Greater Gods, only Viracocha (The All Powerful Creator God) and the Sun God were considered more powerful than the Thunder God.
The Inca Royal Family was venerated as semi-divine and had a very complicated system of ancestor worship.
The most important deities of the celestial realm (Hanan Pacha) besides Viracocha (The All Powerful Creator God) were Inti, the Sun God, and the moon goddess (Mama Quilla). The Inti Raymi was the festival of the Sun God (Inti) in the realm where humans live (Kay Pacha), and the largest and more important Inca Festival.
The Thunder God (Chuqui Illa), responsible for rain, hail, thunder and lightning also resided in the celestial realm was carried in the form of an idol by his priests during important rituals. During the Inti Raymi Festival The Thunder God got an equal share of the sacrifice animals (usually Llamas) along with Viracocha and the Sun.
 He was known as a man who lived in the cosmos and that he was made up of stars, with a war club in his left hand and a sling in his right hand. He used to dress in shinning garments which gave off the flashiness of lightning when he whirled his sling and when he wanted it to rain. The Milky Way was the river from which the The Thunder God would draw the water to make it rain. He was in charge of all the weather and thunderbolts, lightning, rain, hail, rainbows and other weather-related phenomena. His will was constantly under scrutiny. If a rain shower appeared in one town before passing somewhere else, the town was considered blessed. If an object was found to hold water when it rained, such as a stone or a piece of metal, it was said to have been specially blessed by the god and worshiped as a Huaca.
On the other hand, when The Thunder God was angry he brought disasters such as water shortages, floods or frost. When this happened, priests would communicate their auguries to determine what sort of sacrifice the god was demanding to restore the harmony of the land.
The Thunder God selected his priests in a very special way. Any boy born during a thunderstorm had been specially selected by the god for his priesthood. He took the priesthood when he had grown old and no longer have to work. This was a common practice for any priesthood discipline. Inca priests were older men who no longer did manual labor.

THE MONUMENTAL RUINS OF KUELAP, CHACHAPOYAS, PERU

Kuelap's Fortress is an ancient walled city, the largest stone complex in South America, located at 3000 m. above sea level, higher than the site of Machu Picchu.
The huge stone complex is fairly isolated, situated on a mountain ridge about 3000 m high, in the Amazonian Region with a landscape of steep river gorges and mountains, overlooking the Utcubamba Valley, far from the coast region, in Chacahpoyas, Northern Peru. The fortress consists of a walled city, with massive exterior stones surrounding more than 450 buildings. It is 600m in length, 110 m in width, and its walls rise up to 19 m height.
The high walls that cover the outer surfaces of the platform, and the tightness of the access to the citadel in its final stretch, suggest that the monumental citadel was a kind of refuge center in the event of natural disasters. Its sacred religious function is shown through the number of sacred rivers running underground and the sacred composition of its waters.
It is said that the piezoelectric calcite content in the chemical composition of it had a resonating effect in the pineal gland, producing a collective and unifying effect in the synchronization of the universal electromagnetic field and the earth electromagnetic field.
The superior or principal official that were heads of the clans that belonged to the Chachapoya community, responsible to the care of the Amazonian Region, were invested with religious authority, powerful enough to act as mediators between the supernatural sphere and the mortal realm. They were responsible for making sure that the spirit world blessed the mortal one with prosperity, and were held accountable if disaster strike. They were the tax collectors in that specific sense.
A powerful aristocracy lived inside the complex whose primary mission was to provide religious leadership and to administer food production.
Access to the ruins of Kuelap at the summit of the hill that rises on the left bank of the Utcubamba, is gained via El Tingo, a town approximately 1800 m above sea level near the bank of the river. A horse trail also winds along the left bank of the Tingo River and leads eventually up to Marcapampa, a small level upland near the site.

THE INCAS HAVE NO CLASS OF TRADERS AT ALL.

The Inca Empire is the only one advanced civilization in the Old and New Worlds that traders did not exist within its boundaries and the verticality of its power did not let commerce with means of financial gains develop. The language that they use to obtain what they need to survive at that high altitude was sharing and everything produced in the land in a vertical way was distributed among its subjects in a right amount making no one left unattended.
In the Old World, on the contrary, the horizontal way of commerce was common. By the second millennium BC, former Cyprus had become a major Mediterranean player by ferrying its vast copper resources to the Near East and Egypt. These regions , in turn, were very wealthy due to their own natural resources such as papyrus and wool. Phoenicia, famous for its seafaring expertise, commercialized its valuable cedar wood and linens dyes all over the Mediterranean. China prospered by trading Jade, spices, and later, silk. Britain did the same with its abundance of tin. In the absence of roads, the most efficient way to transport goods from one place to another was by sea.
During the time Christopher Columbus, his birthplace, Genoa was one of Europe's largest cities on the Mediterranean Sea and the largest Sea Port in Italy, also the capital city of the Ligurian Region and the 6th largest city in Italy. Its massive shipyards and its solid financial reputation goes back to the Middle Ages. The Bank of Saint George, founded in 1407 is among the oldest in the World and it played an important role in the financial support given to the Kings in order to find new ways to get rich through the commercialization of their goods. When they arrive to the American lands they really thought they were in India. With their arrival, an old branch of human race mixed with a pure and clean one formed with different way of life. Diseases from the Old World came with them and killed the inhabitants of the new world in a massive way since they never had it and did not have enough time to develop immunity in their bodies like the Europeans did. They already had experienced numerous plagues because of the overcrowded cities, lack of planning, lack of sanitation and an enormous greed of becoming rich.
To the massive Inca Empire, the largest in South America, that stretched a total length of 2,485 miles, essentially the length of the Continent between the Ancasmayo River at the border of modern day Colombia and Ecuador, all the way to Maule River in modern day Chile, the greatest mystery in the eyes of the first Europeans that landed in American lands and couldn't comprehend was the superb economy that the people of the New World had without a trading class and market places to lean on.
When the Europeans arrived to the lands of the Incas they were astonish and felt intimidated when they saw the enormous Empire the Incas had without leaning in the language of commerce and marketplaces they were used to.
The Incas were able to incorporate lands from today's Colombia, Chile, Bolivia, Ecuador, Argentina, and Peru and connect all of them by a vast highway system across the Andes Mountain tops and down to the shoreline whose complexity rivaled any in the Old World, and has never been surpassed.
The superb knowledge in planning and architectural designs made them master builders and experienced land planners, capable of extremely sophisticated Mountain agriculture, and able to built cities around to important locations in the high altitudes of the Andes mountains to match the purpose of its design.
They elders spent most of its time instructing the young generations in the continuity of their knowledge and understanding of the cosmological forces that governed their universe. The elders specialized them in planning the agricultural uses of newly-absorbed areas according to the mountain seasons. Also they learned agricultural methods and applied the instruction in building terraced farms on the mountainsides whose crops - from potatoes and maize to peanuts and squash- were carefully chosen to thrive in the average temperatures for different altitudes. Timing was so important to them.
Very few in today's world realize how much we owe to the Incas. Very few appreciate that they gave to the Old World so many varieties of potatoes and corn and such useful herbs from which good remedies were obtained to combat common illnesses.

SACRED PATHWAYS OF THE INCA

The sacred pathways of the Inca refers to a trail, field, boundary, or linear expression of energy that was treated as a sacred manifestation of the cosmic force showing them the journey or pilgrimage they had to follow in order to maintain balance with the universal forces.
According to this pathways of cosmic energy, the Inca territory was divided into 4 sections called "Suyos." The local name for the land was "Tahuantinsuyo," meaning "4 parts together."
Cuzco, the capital, was the center and meeting point of these 4 sections, which converged at Coricancha, the temple of the Sun. Radiating out from the Coricancha, the pathway contained numerous shrines that were treated as religious places of ceremonial significance.
Cuzco, then, was split in half, Hanan Cuzco to the North and Hurin Cuzco to the South, with each half containing 2 of the 4 "Suyos."
The city was designed as a miniature model of what the empire would expand during the time of its existence. Every place where the Inca land expanded the pathway followed was the exact replica of the one in Cuzco.
Some of the pathways were straight lines of energy, while others zigzag their way across the landscape. They never crossed one another, although often they were running parallel to one another.
The Inca Quipu system were used to map them. It was a way of storing information by using knots on connected strings. Calendar and astronomical events were associated with it, and sometimes a description of the environment in which the pathway passed through.
The position of the shrines were related to Inca understanding of astronomy. The number of them on each trail varied, typically from 3 to 13 or more.  Certain people from specific kin groups were designated as caretakers for each of them. Not everybody was able to resist the amount of radiation that those shrines produced.
The Inca were able to receive information from the environment through the human energy field. They were able to detect which part of their land were energized and which part was drained.
As the energy field interact with the surroundings, they also were able to protect themselves from the harmful effects of sun and cosmic radiation. They were very knowledgeable about it given the fact that their habitat was in the mountains at altitudes between 2500 - 5000 meters above sea level with an spectacular and varied geography.

WHAT LED THE INCAS TO BE A GREAT EMPIRE.

The Inca Empire, at the height of its existence, was the largest nation on Earth and remains the largest Andean State to have ever existed in the Western Hemisphere. The Inca system were able to control an area almost 3000 miles in extent, stretching from Colombia in the North to deep South into what is now Chile along the High Mountains  of the Andes, and from Argentina in the East to the Pacific ocean in the West. The Empire reached a stunning level of achievement in the design of its statecraft and lasted as long as they were able to unify all manpower and maintain an careful equilibrium between themselves and their environment and with the establishment of a system of exchange among neighboring communities and cultures.
The magnificent society was made up of more than 10 million subjects. Cuzco, which emerged as the richest city in the New World, was the centre of their world, the home of its leaders. The riches gathered in the city of Cuzco alone, were incredible. Therein were many palaces that belonged to the living Inca and to the dead ones, each containing all the treasures obtained in life. The living Inca did not touch the sacred estate of his predecessor.
They believed in the existence of parallel dimensions all interrelated. Within these dimensions, wars had different outcomes since these different levels of existence were governed by different types of laws and their operational system were in a deeper level than the one we know.
The Incas were able to define the basic divisions of the universe, and their main purpose as a human beings was to maintain these divisions in harmony establishing means of exchange of energies between them.
According to their believe, the universe is being held in balance by the two opposing forces of existence and non-existence. Existence symbolizes the struggle for the stability of matter, while non-existence exists for the disintegration of that same matter.
The Inca's commandments were: -search for the truth; -work hard; -and respect every form of life.
Searching for the truth dealt with the inner attitude of the heart. It contained the secrets of life and had to be found within the soul. It was guided by leaders who went in a journey of so many tests and through it achieved the knowledge and understanding the wisdom of the old. They were custodians of the very deep truth about the nature of life, the cosmic interrelation and the secrets of the universe.
The cult of the ancestors was extremely important in Inca belief because they were the bridge of communication between the world of the living and the world of the dead. Deceased rulers were mummified and then treated as intermediaries with the world of their gods. The mummies were presented in public during religious festivals, offered food and gifts, and consulted important matters by special oracles.
Each new Inca practiced the laws of reciprocity and verticality in order to secure his own legacy and place for eternity. The Inca State provided roads and irrigation projects and hard to get goods. Maize, for example, was usually grown in a well irrigated land with a state sponsored irrigation project to help to its cultivation and was very important as a ritual crop.
The Inca aqueducts were used to increase arable land and provide drinking water and baths to the population. Due to the scarcity in the Andean region, advanced water management allowed the Inca to thrive and expand along much the Pacific coast of South America. Many structures, some of which survive today, show the advanced hydraulic and civil engineering capabilities of the Inca.
Throughout the empire, a complex system of roads was constructed with bridge and causeways when needed. Along these roads, way stations or tambos were placed about a day's walk apart to serve as inns, store houses, and supply centers for Inca armies on the move. Tambos also served as relay points for the system of runners who carried messages throughout the empire. The Inca maintained over 10,000 tambos.
Metals, especially gold and silver, were treated as holy metals. They believed that gold had the special quality to hold and transmit solar energy.
Cuzco was chosen to be the receptive city of this solar energy through the Temple of the Sun. The temple had a garden made of pure gold. Everything in this garden was made of solid gold: trees, plants, flowers, rocks, butterflies. The symbolism of this garden was very important since it was the heart of Inti, the Sun God. The fame of Cuzco as the "Golden City" was tremendous.
To the people, gold was not important as a possession. Their belief was centered in "being human" with the heart of a human in connection with the heart of Inti, the Sun God. Having earthly possessions as humans meant to them like robbing nature from its natural energy captured or reflected in their soils. Everything had a purpose of existence, their job was to maintain its balance.
When the Spaniards arrived, gold was the treasure they wanted the most and they developed such level of greed that they readily killed almost the whole empire for the sake of it.
Europeans' world that was in a complete chaos at the time when the Inca Empire flourished. Their crisis was in their spiritual and moral values. People were totally seduced by their own pride and their own destructive nature. They only saw in the Incas Empire a strange world, a dark world for them, but, in reality, it was the reflection of their limited consciousness, the dark world was in them.

THE INCA BATHS.

The Inca Baths are a set of natural hot springs located in the Department of Cajamarca in the North Andean zone of Peru at 2667 meters above sea level. It is composed by several gardens and pools.
The pool used by the Inca is 4 meters length, 4 meters wide, and 1.7 meters depth. The Incas used it for cleansing the negative energies absorbed during battles, relaxing and for recreational purposes.
Incas believed that the natural hot water had a very powerful energy that was able to wash away any unwanted energy in conjunction with the solar sun rays that burned off negative lines of energy surrounding them.
They were very familiar with the understanding of the electromagnetic field that surrounded every organism and objects in the universe. They also knew that the human body is a collection of electro-magnetic energies of varying densities that permeate through and emit or exit from the physical body.
They also were aware about the information sent from the environment through the energy field when it was weakening its power and sensed disastrous events.
The Incas constructed several structures around the hot springs to enjoy them when they were performing the cleansing of their physical bodies accompanied with the relaxing view of the scenery  surrounding the place.
The quechua name to the site is "Inti Puquio" that means "Spring of the Sun" or "Divine Spring."Also it used to be called "Nina Yaqu" meaning "Fire Water" and "Pultumarca" meaning "Hot Place," the name of the town that lodges it.
The waters contain a great variety of minerals, such as sodium, potassium, lithium, strontium, calcium, iron, magnesium, and silica. They come from two different sources named "The Small Jars (los perolitos)" and "The Gluton" (el tragadero). The steaming liquid emerges from the volcanic rock of the subsoil, reaching temperatures between 65*C (149*F) and 75*C (167*F). The thermal waters are now famous because they possess therapeutic properties for treatment of bone and nervous disorders, as well as bronchial and rheumatic diseases.

HOW THE INCAS ACHIEVED SUCH UNION OF POWER.

The Inca Empire was the largest empire in South America. The center was located in Cuzco in modern-day Peru. The civilization arose from the highlands of Peru using a method of assimilation of power or warfare, resulting in the incorporation of a large portion of Western South America territories, centered on the Andean Mountain Ranges, including, besides Peru, large parts of modern Ecuador, Western and South Central Bolivia, North West Argentina, North and Central Chile, and a small part of Southern Colombia into a state comparable to the historical empires of Eurasia.
The term "Inca," meaning "ruler" or "lord,"in Quechua, their language, was used to refer to a specific ruling class family inside the leadership group in the empire. The Spanish people, who arrived to their territories, in the 16th century, adopted the term as an ethnic term referring to all subjects of the empire rather than the specific ruling class.
The Inca people were a pastoral group in the Cuzco region that under the leadership of Manco Capac, they formed the small-city state Kingdom of Cuzco, on that specific site, on the Andean Mountain Range. In time it began to grow and was succeeded by the formation of the Inca Empire. Manco Capac organized the Kingdom and Pachacutec succeded in the union of the forces creating the Tahuantinsuyo.
The empire was referred as Tahuantinsuyo. "Tahua" meaning "4", and "ntin," a suffix naming a group of energy forces, so that "Tahuantin" meaning a quartet of energy fields, a group of 4 forces taken together. The forces were referred to : Chinchay Suyo (North), Anti Suyo (East; the Amazon Jungle), Colla Suyo (South),and Conti Suyo (West). The corners of these enrgy forces joined together at Cuzco.
The anchored energy vortexes were identified as "Huacas," and the lines were identified as "Ceques." The term "Ceque" is Quechua for "Light Road." The energy forces consisted of rapidly rotating spiral-shaped openings formed in the 4 directions of the empire. The 4 forces together formed an energy field surrounding the entire physical territory, and depending on the location, this centers were able to connect to the cosmic energy field and absorb the energy using the ground as a bowl and radiate them out, being visible from great distances and in all directions.
The most powerful one  run from Cuzco. It symbolized the Inca's head, the base of the 4 energy fields. Cuzco was the major gateway through which the cosmological energies, aligned astronomically to various stellar risings and settings, and channeled them to the rest of the sacred territory. Most of them connected temples, plazas, and group of structures within ceremonial centers or cities. It formed a replica of the cosmic alignment and balance it into the whole empire's electromagnetic field surrounding the whole land. The Inca leadership encouraged the instruction and worship of these energy fields and imposed the cult of their sun god, Inti, the Lord that controlled the 4 forces, over the whole empire.
The Inca was referred to as the "Son of the Sun" living in the physical world and in charge of the 4 forces. They were chosen by their father, the sun god, Inti, as the ones able to deal with this power.
The ceremony of the Sun was performed at Cuzco (Inti Raymi). It was elaborated creatively from pre-existing system of religious veneration of the peoples to the same god, and with an honorable respect they were assimilated into the head of the empire. This absorption ensured proper compliance among the conquered ones.
The Huacas became significant centers of shared worship and a point of unification of ethnically and linguistically peoples. It helped to bring unity and common citizenship.

THE ANDES HIGHLANDS OF TODAY HOSTS MAJOR CITIES.

The Andes is the longest continental mountain range in the world. It is a continual range of Highlands along the Western coast of South America.
The Andes is about 7000 km (4300 mi) long, about 200 to 700 km (120 to 430 mi) wide, and of an average hight of about 4000m (13000 ft).
The Andes extend from North to South through 7 South American countries: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina.
The Andes is the location of several Plateaus, because it splits into several ranges, which are separated by intermediate depressions. Some of these Plateaus host major cities, such Quito, Bogota, Arequipa, Medellin, Sucre, Merida, Santiago, and La Paz.
QUITO is the capital city of Ecuador at an elevation of 2850 m (9350 ft) above the sea level.  It is the highest official capital city in the world. It is located in the Huayllabamba River basin, on the Eastern slopes of an active strato volcano in the Andes Mountains named Pichincha.
BOGOTA is the capital city of Colombia. It is the 3rd. highest capital city in South America at an elevation of 2640 m (8660 ft) above the sea level. In terms of land area, Bogota is the largest city in Colombia, and one of the biggest in latin America. It figures among the 25 largest cities of the world.
AREQUIPA is the 2nd most populous city in Peru. It is located at an elevation of 2335 m (7661 ft) above the sea level. A series of volcanic cones dominates the skyline from the city. These volcanoes form Mountains like the Misti, Pikchu Pikchu, and Chachani.
MEDELLIN is the 2nd largest city in Colombia. Located in the Aburra valley, a central region of the Andes at an elevation of 1500 m (4921 ft) above the sea level.
SUCRE is the constitutional capital of Bolivia and the 6th most populous city in the country. Located in the South Central part at an elevation of 2810 m (9214 ft) above the sea level.
MERIDA is one of the principal cities of the Venezuelan Andes. It has the highest and longest cable car in the world. The city sits on a tableland nestled in the valley of the Chama River, at an elevation of 1600 m (5249 ft) above the sea level.
SANTIAGO is the capital and the largest city of Chile. It is located in the country's central valley, at an elevation of 520 m (1706 ft) above the sea level.
LA PAZ is Bolivia's third-most populous city after Santa Cruz and El Alto. It is the seat of the country's government. It is located on the Western side of Bolivia at an elevation of 3650 m (11975 ft) above the sea level. It is the highest administrative capital in the world.

The WESTERN LIFESTYLE and the INCA LIFESTYLE.

The Western World in which the majority of the human population live is an environment of continual and unrelenting distractions. Throughout our days and nights, our minds are never still. In response to all of this we worry a lot about our ever-changing life-styles.
Our ability to understand the concepts of truth, beauty and goodness in a very profound way is fading away in these days of confused values and gross materialism.  We feel just content with common-sense definitions of them and most of us are satisfied with such superficial meanings.
In the Inca World in which seven million people used to live was quite different. They had a different perception of these three words. Their spirituality was more oriented to the conduct expressed in an unselfish lifestyle.
The Incas developed their culture in a land full of dangerous surprises. They had the most extreme terrain in the world but it did not intimidate them in the process of establish a powerful empire. How they unified such vast land surrounded with so many precipices and very high mountain plateaus is a matter of discussion and understanding. What we know is that they excelled in mastering the forces of nature in a very effective way, respecting its laws under any circumstances.
Being in a challenged geographical habitat full of beautiful sceneries and at elevations that the thin air itself is a great contender to the developing of human settlements, they developed a profound spiritual connection with it. They became one with it.
Their Shamanism's roots that shaped their spiritual world and all their spiritual traditions started in this profound state of spiritual connection with the land. This ability allowed them to develop very keen senses in the use of nature and its powers. They were able to connect to the spirit of the earth in which deep spiritual springs of fresh water were ready to be used as sources of information that lead them to obtain a profound awareness and deep understanding of the principles that govern the spiritual and physical worlds.
These principles permeated their entire way of life. It was not done only applying contemplation or superficial meditation, instead, it was a day-to-day basis of ongoing commitment bringing peace, creating harmony and balance and maintaining good and healthy lifestyle inside the community.
The natural silence of nature was considered a very powerful spirit that chose the Inca's land to be its home. The spirit taught them how to be still and listen to its language and perceive the vibrations of nature that manifested them the path for new developments. They do not hurry things up, rather they allowed them to follow their natural courses -like seasons- and they learned to be patient and wait.
The remnants of these extraordinary civilization still continue their traditional lifestyle. They know that the deep spiritual awareness passed from their ancestors is a powerful force in them that will show the spiritual paths that regardless time and misfortunes are still there waiting for their souls towards eternity.
Our lifestyle as westerners are so busy trying to reach goals that ends in this world that our personal relationship between our individual soul and our Creator is completely neglected. We spend our days trying to 'push the river' which is a futile exercise forgetting the real core of worship that is a profound spiritual feeling placed in the hearts of those with a deep and sincere love.

THE 12 SACRED MOUNTAINS (APUS) OF CUZCO.

In the religion and mythology of Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia, APUS were and still are the spirits or entities of the mountains. Also, solitary rocks and caves are considered sacred places (apus). This spirits protect the local inhabitants in the highlands.
This entities are the most powerful of all nature spirits. They were light beings that existed within the sacred mountains.
The 12 sacred mountains around the city of Cuzco are: Ausan-gate, Salk-antay, Pillku Urqu, Huanacaure, Pachatusan, Picchu, Sacsayhuaman, Sinqa, Mama Simona, Manuel Pinta, Viracochan, and Pukin. The following descriptions belong to the first 8 of them.
AUSAN-GATE is a mountain situated South East of Cuzco, with an elevation of 6,384 metres. Each year the "star-snow" (Quyllur Rit) festival attracts thousands of Quechua pilgrims. It takes place one week before the Corpus Christi feast. The sacred llama, alpaca and vicuna inhabit in the region, and the herding communities there constitute one of the few remaining pastorals societies in the world. High mountain trails are used by these herders to trade with agricultural communities at lower elevations.
SALCANTAY is the highest peak of the Vilcabamba mountain range, with an elevation situated West North-West of the city of Cuzco. It is the second most topographically prominent peak in Peru, after the Huascaran.
Directly to the North of Salcantay lies Machu Picchu. Viewed from Machu Picchu's main sundial, the Southern Cross is above the Salcantay's summit during the rainy season at its highest point.
PILLCU URQU (Red Mountain) is a 4,448 metres (14,593 ft) near the city of Cuzco.
HUANACAURE is a legendary mountain and one of the most important Huacas of the Inca culture. The mountain with its archaeological remains is 4,089 metres (13,415 ft) high and the highest elevation near Cuzco. Huacas were located along revered line of sacred energy or route laid out to express the profound communication between them and the cosmological forces and were aligned astronomically to various stellar risings and settings.
PACHATUSAN (Support Wall) is a mountain North East of the city of Cuzco, about 4,842 metres (15,886 ft) high, on the Western bank of the Vilcanota River.
PICCHU (Pyramid) is a mountain West of the city of Cuzco, about 3,800 metres (12,467 ft) high.
SACSAYHUAMAN is a citadel on the Northern outskirts of the city of Cuzco. The site is at an altitude of 3,701 metres. Located on a steep hill that overlooks the city, the fortified complex has a wide view of the Sacred Valley to the South East.
SINQA (Rose) is a 4,423 metres (14,511 ft) high mountain North West of the city of Cuzco.

What the INCAS, MAYAS, and EGYPTIANS had in common?

Pyramidal structures in their religion, government, social structures and architectural designs of their buildings are the most common similarities we can find they had in common during their existence on earth.
In addition to all these commonalities we can say they are obvious, we find other important ones as follows:
- Blood type "B" has been found in all three civilizations. This type of blood shows the most clearly defined geographic distribution.

-The Afterlife concept we believe is the main commonality shared by the three civilizations.
The Incas and the mayas thought that the cave structures were the gateways to the world of the dead. They both strongly believed in the judgment placed on those going to their final journey and their quest upon the salvation of the soul in order to continue their living as spirits in the eternal world.
As an example of this belief we can mention the last Inca Atahualpa. He asked to be hanged instead of being dead by fire because he had the clear understanding that by fire he definitely would be left without soul and body. In other words, no after life.
The Egyptians also had the thought of their afterlife as a secondary and eternal life. For them it was a dimension where even the physical objects, wives, children, servants and slaves that the Pharaoh had in the earth were considered as part of his spiritual one. All of them shared the same belief and in an act of loyalty all departed with their master, and shared the same tomb. That is the reason why all these people have been found in Egyptian tombs of Pharaohs.

-The Incas, Mayas and Egyptians had the common belief that Gods had the power to make themselves manifested on Earth, to rule those whom they felt to be inferior to them in the understanding and knowledge of the powers of the world. Their believe in them is the most unique and common trait that dominated their cultures and that belief was so powerful enough to made them rule their world .

CUZCO, a strange city made of rock foundation and Spanish-Moorish style.

Cuzco, the former capital of the Tahuantinsuyo, the center of the Empire of the Four Regions and the Navel of the World, was built at 3,400 m. above the sea level in the shape of an enormous Puma.
Animals always played an important role in the myths of the Incas. Reptiles, Felines, and Birds figures are processed symbolically in and around the place chosen to be the capital city.
Knowing the power invested in the Andes Mountain Range, the Incas were able to domesticate it and control it, thanks to the knowledge of the cosmological movement of the galaxy and the direct connection of the earth ground with it.
About 250 million years old have the rocks that were used to built the capital city, and they were formed at that time  at a depth of 8 to 16 km of the earth's crust. Then with the process of Andean uplift, the rocks surfaced as fractured granite and were formed thousands of years before it ended up as foundations and walls for the citadel construction.
The legend tells us that the first Sapa Inca Manco Capac and his royal wife Mama Ocllo received the assignment of the foundation of the capital city from the God of the Sun, the Inti itself.
They were told to establish the capital city of the new Empire where the sacred golden staff given to them managed to sunk in the ground. The task assigned to them was to improve the life of the people living in the region that now comprise seven countries (Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina). The region of the Andes held by the Incas contained several high plateaus that were used for the construction of their sacred places.
The work of the Incas was to stabilize the energy of these places through the use of the blocks unearthed by Nature through terraces, walkways and platforms, then for the building of  their most important sacred palaces, temples, governmental buildings, and for their drainage systems.
The fortress just outside the city known as Sacsayhuaman, which forms the head of this sacred Puma is made of from this sacred stones. The square between the legs of the animal was chosen to be the Central Plaza, and the body of this sacred animal was represented as the space containing  all their most important sacred places.
The Spanish arrived in Cuzco late 1533 and were astonished and frightened by the beauty and the natural light of the city. Eyewitnesses described the place as a city of gold and light. Streets were quite, the Incas had no horses and the biggest domestic animal was the sacred llama. Street life was quiet because the inhabitants walked only in sandals. The streets were clean and had two canals : every one has the sewerage line in one side and on the other side of the street a canal with fresh and clean river water.
After the Spanish robed all the gold and other valuables, they burned Cuzco to the ground. Only the stones surfaced by Nature long time ago and used by the Incas as foundations for their buildings to overcome earthquakes and time, survived the disaster.
During the colonization time the same foundation were used for building Catholic Churches.
In the philosophy of time only solid foundation made of stones overcome disasters. Spanish people couldn't destroy the spiritual foundation of the people of the Andes instead they were bound to use the same sacred stones to  build their strange religious spirit.

THE OLD WORLD and the NEW WORLD how they met and then got married.

The Spanish "conquest" of the Inca Empire in history was one of the most important colonial expansion ever in the history of the world.
The Turmoil in all Europe, East and West and North and South, was so intense that the doctrine of falsity and evil was everywhere. Falsity an evil multiplied the most in the extremes of the natural (a balanced and harmonic way), for therein were all the fallacies of the senses that dominated them in their physical concept  of the world(kingdoms, land possession, material greed).
Two small spanish ships sailed Southwards in the Pacific Ocean in 1527 towards Peru, carrying with them all the diseases of the old world. When they were nearby the coasts of the New World, they had their first glance of the future wife to whom this spirit of the old world is forced to married, because in their own land it was losing power.
A small ocean-going raft, made of balsa wood and fitted with cotton sails, with a crew of 20 carrying the pure and young spirit of the New World made its first appearance to them. They felt overjoy when they saw the cargo of this small boat, they didn't pay attention to the wholeness of the sacred meeting instead they were moved by the particulars of their greed. The people in the small raft, representing the spirit of the bride, were transporting precious stones, silver and gold to their sacred temples in order to exercise their rituals and obtain peace and balance in their world. At that exact time in their history, their empire was in turmoil because of the civil war they were facing.
These spanish men were united in mind and heart only in the pursuit of the treasures that this New Land offered. They did not love the spirit of the bride. To the people of the land, they were the ones sent by the gods to give them a hand. A historic moment in human history. They both needed a hand. Destiny is given them another chance to start all over again.
As the march of the Spaniards' men started from the North of the South American Continent, 62 horsemen (horses were strange animals for the Inca people) and 106 men, did not find easy the chosen path taken by them in which the Old World's spirit  moved. The had to rob the bride and the best way was to continue with their lies and portrait themselves as the sacred men sent by the gods to give them peace.  It took them two years to move over the difficult coast of Ecuador and arrive to Peru's Northern Lands. In this delay they had the opportunity to continue the act and meangle with locals. They received them with open arms. The spanish men used this open heart from the bride to lure her in their benefit and offered them their sacred horses and everything they had in order to maintain that special treatment with them. This resulted  in the common interest of learning how to communicate. The locals, of course, were eager to learn the language of the gods since they thought these men were sent by them to restore peace over their land.
The Inca Empire never used a writing language to communicate instead they had a kind of bridge spoken language that were able to translate any other spoken language. The Quechua language that they spoke based in numeric value was able to do it. It functioned like the one used on today computers. Since their minds and heart were taught to respect the universal laws, those laws were not written or read in the way of the Old World instead, they were known in the darkness of the universal world. Locals were able to translate easily any other type of natural language and it was a very important tool in their success to unify the empire. As soon as the locals started to speak the language of this small group of men, they were able to lead them through the inhospitable routes used by them to communicate with the rest of the empire. Also they told them everything about them and the civil war they were facing. They knew that peace was important in order to maintain balance in their land.
What a lesson these group of men received from people that had a profound respect for their land while the Old World from where they came only new the spirit of war,  and only had respect for material riches regardless the cost.
What we see now is the result of the marriage of these two different worlds. But still the remnant of the spirit of this bride exists and live in the Andes waiting for the next age in which her power will be restore.

RELIGION, A POWERFUL TOOL IN ANDEAN PREHISTORY.

The earliest of many distinct cultural stages traced in the upbringing of the Andean civilization is the one named Chavin de Huantar. After a half century's excavations, a 2,800-year-old ruin was discovered in the remote Northern Highlands of Peru, Ancash region, at an elevation of 3,180 meters (10,430 ft), East of the White Mountain range (Cordillera Blanca).
This civilization lasted from about 1200 to 400 B.C., and is the one period in Andean Prehistory when religion seems to have been a powerful tool and a bridge to absorbing all high cultures. At their huge ceremonial center, the Chavin people created a resplendent temple and powerful stone carvings that were superior to later Inca art in that field.
Religion provided a distinctive response to their life's meaning. They had a clear understanding of the relationship between the spirit world and their environment. They were unanimous in these beliefs.
For them the universe, with its spiritual and physical realms, its myriad of gods, human beings, plants, and animals, was established by a series of creative acts coming from a sacred impersonal force existing by itself. This abstract force had its mental qualities (thought, remembrance, consciousness) that evolved through its own existence.
The spirit world had their life in a realm distinct from the physical world. They were able to visit the physical world quite often and had a great deal of responsibility to the events happening in the real world, both beneficial or detrimental to the land or to the human beings.
The people entrusted to the welfare of the land had to exercise a properly executed daily ritual in order to receive the visit of these entities and maintain control over its exact time that had to be done and  maintain a harmonic cycle between the two realms.
They believed that a sacred spiritual energy resided in people, animals, land, places, and inanimate objects. To be in good harmony with it, they had to demonstrate through actions their gaining authority over them. The reflecting balance that existed in the whole universe between the spirit and physical realms had to be maintained through the actions of the ones entrusted with this responsibility.

The INCAS as the CROWN of all CIVILIZATIONS of the NEW WORLD.

The Mayas is one of the first and big civilizations in Middle America that had to cut its way out of the jungle in order to settle down. The Aztecs, another big one that had to conquer their way through Mexico. And very far to the South, the Mighty Incas, an Andean civilization that thrust upward through some of the world's most forbidding terrain that encompass the towering mountains and desert coast of Andean Peru. The Mighty Incas crowned these early civilizations of the New World and ruled from a capital 11,000 feet in the clouds.
They managed a perfect communication from the clouds to the coast without having a gross number of people affected by the altitude syndrome. Trepanation emerged 1000 years before them as a promising medical procedure. They performed this craniotomy to relieve pressure caused by fluid buildup due to severe head trauma. The survival rates approached 90 percent and infection levels were very low. They had a very deep knowledge of the anatomy of the cranial and were very secure in their procedures.
They excelled far more than the Mayas and the Aztecs on the material techniques of life: planning big cities and irrigation works, building highways and a network of communications, perfecting the domestic arts of weaving and pottery making. They have a passion for organization in every field. This passion was passed on from the cultures who preceded them, specially in art.
The Mighty Incas showed a versatile talent for domesticating plants, many of them unknown in the Old World. The ones in charge of this specific field were the Callawaya priests. They were known as natural healers and most of them were very familiar and had and still have understanding in how to use 600 herbs. The locals in average know about 300 of them. They still reside in the city named "La Rinconada," on today's Peru and it is the highest elevation human habitation in the world. From there they travel all over the Andes performing their art of natural healing in every little town they find in their way.
Some 4,500 years ago the early South Americans were already cultivating squash, peppers, gourds, beans and cotton on the coast of Peru. They were better farmers that their Europeans contemporaries. They had domesticated the potato (knowing 300 varieties of them), the tomato, the yam, the corn and the lima beans. The corn grew up in the mountains as its basic food crop with the huge sized purple (preparation of chicha drink) and yellow (for the fermented one) as the most popular ones. They found a source of wool by taming the llama and the alpaca. They terraced the mountainsides and built vast irrigation systems without altering the sacred path of the water.
They did not use writing or reading as means of communication, instead they used nature as the teacher of everything. All that is known of their progress is what archaeologists have been able to find out.

HOW THE INCAS EDUCATED ITS SUBJECTS?

The basis of the Inca education was the fundamental idea that the destiny of a man was completely determined by the nature of the action of their hearts.
The so complex and all-embracing doctrine required long and laborious study. The Incas including in their teachings not only religious laws, but also knowledge which ranged from Astronomy and Meteorology through the study of the animal kingdom, sea habitats, insect world, and botany to geology and hydraulics.
They were experts in finding subterranean water and wells, and installed irrigation and drainage systems in their fields. Also they were specialists in the construction of subterranean corridors and tunneling mountains.
They have a strong believe that whatever man set himself to do on earth must be in consonance with the laws that governed the cosmos.
Heaven and Earth were imagined as being quartered by a great cross consisting of a North-South axis and an East-West line. All ritual and religious observance was based on this division of celestial and terrestrial space. The orientation and division of space were of crucial importance. The priests were able to decipher and understand the signs emanating from the entities in charge of the law that governed the cosmos. Every sacral and non sacral undertaken on earth had to be coordinated with this law. They believed that the powers bounded by it were irrevocably and for all eternity.
The East was symbolically considered of good will, because they believed that the higher deities, those in favor to man, had chosen to dwell.
The North East region was the most favorable and promising for good fortune.
The South was the region in which the gods of the earth and nature dwelt and ruled.
The West was considered the region in which the terrible and merciless gods of the underworld and Fate dwelt. The quarter between North and West was the most dreaded.
From these understanding came the belief that the boundaries of everything were marked by spiritual boundary stones. If anyone tried  to move them for the sake of their own pleasure was considered a crime and it was condemned by the guardians of the law. The people responsible was afflicted by the worst diseases and wounds. Their land would be shaken by storms or whirlwinds and landslips. Their crops laid low and cut down by rain and hail. The heat would afflict them in the summer. Also civil strife would appear among them.
Knowing that these things would happen when such crimes were committed, the people understood that either a deceitful or treacherous heart attracted their own destruction.

LEGEND OF THE LAKE TITICACA and the LEMURIAN DISK.

The cradle of Incan civilization and the origin of the Inca Empire is in the largest fresh water Lake on the South American continent, extending from SouthEastern Peru to Western Bolivia, on the border between Bolivia and Peru. It is the highest navigable Lake in the world, located high on the Andean Plateau at 3,810 m (12,500 feet) above sea level, where blue waters that make a beautiful contrast to the parched Altiplano together with rocks and winds all touching and intermingle together. The Lake is 196m (122 mi) long with an average width of 56km (35 mi). It has waves, and the water is cold.
Deified by the Tiahuanco culture, the Lake Titicaca is still honored today as a sacred site connected to Viracocha, the Creator deity associated with Mountain cults and water.
Peru is known as a land stepped in ancient prophecies and wisdom that, according to their beliefs, is vital for our planet during "these transitional times."
The vision of the cosmos of the Andean World was based in the concept of duality, that is, a permany opposition of two opposite forces but at the same time complementary. Life was measured by a thousand year cosmic cycle. This cycle was then divided into halves. The understanding of this cosmic world was through nature, expressed by the laws that controlled the movement of this oppositional forces (day/night, up/down, man/woman, earth/sky, light/dark). This principle of duality was applied to each halves. The cosmic time that governed the transitional forces operating in each half was known as a time of great changes.
During the 500 years of the 8th cycle, the emergence of the greatest spiritual leader of the Incas, named Pachacutec, was known as the "Time of Light."This was the time when the Inca Empire flourished. In the legend of the origen, the Sacred Lake was the place from where the First Incas entered the Earth.
The legend that says about the time of the 500 years of darkness mention that it came to be at the ninth cycle. The land of Lemuria was sinking and all the special and sacred places of cosmic energies were disappearing with it. One of their great masters was given the mission to bring the "greatest golden solar disk" from their Temple of Illumination to the Sacred Lake Titicaca for safe keeping until the Time of Light had completed its settling. The First Incas were the ones with the mission of restoring the center or Temple in which the solar disk could do its work.
During the time of the Incas, the "solar disk" was transferred to Cuzco, and placed in the Coricancha, the main Temple of the Sun, where it stayed until the coming of the Spanish. Immediatelt after the invasion of foreign people, the guardians of the disk returned it to the Sacred Titicaca and placed it in the Eternal Etheric city inside the Lake visible only to those individuals that maintained a pure and spiritual heart. None of the invaders found any of the cities that were sacred to the Incas and are still hidden to the naked eye.
We are now entering the time of the Tenth cycle of 500 years, which the Andes people refer to as the returning of the "Time of Light." In this time the purging of people with wicked heart will be done in order to let the etheric crystal cities of the 4th dimension materialize. We will see again our lost city of Paititi and the eternal city that rest under the Sacred Lake Titicaca will again be available to us.

GOVERNMENT OF THE INCA EMPIRE

The Tahuantinsuyu (lit. "Four Parts Together") ("Land of the Four Quarters") or Incan Empire was a centralized force or ruling party. The most important events considered as a vital part of the everyday life were their religious and ritual practices that were understood, articulated and elaborated through the Andean Cosmology and powerful thought.
It drew upon the ritualistic forms and practices of previous Andean civilizations and certain aspects of these rituals and practices are still done by the families that are direct descendants of the priests in charge of these important ceremonies.
Incan ideology was based on the cosmological behavior of the galaxies, planets and stars. The Andean cosmology was hierarchical and dualistic, with a variety of opposing forces jostling in position through ongoing action.
The world was viewed as an animistic one. They believed that the world started as a kind of phantom one with everything moving without a corporeal body.
Their concept about the life force was clear and simple. To their beliefs, everything was connected with it. Change was understood as occurring asymmetries in power between those life forces, while an equilibrium or balance, was struck in such a way through reciprocity, a process of reciprocal exchange.
To them, the understanding of these laws of nature was very important. To acquire the knowledge of how these energies moved around required an intense training involving the cleansing of the environment from negative energies and enhancing the power of the individual in charge, in order to determine the path in which these energy sources moved around.
The real conditions of existence was the primary thought that these people projected from the inside out. The belief of the relation from the cosmos to the real conditions of existence was the foundation of life in this planet. It was a set of conscious and unconscious ideas working together which made up the empire's goals, expectations, and motivations. It produced a set of standards that were followed unanimously by the people, government and conquered groups as a way of looking at things.
The understanding of the origin, evolution and eventual fate of the universe was the primary objective knowledge that was transmitted and passed on through religious beliefs based on careful examination of the universal laws governing the cosmos. Observation and experimentation were the basic ingredients that shaped the unanimously understanding of the meaning of life and the position of the individual in relation to the universe.

THE RACE OF GIANTS IN ANCIENT PERU

The mythical existence of Giants in ancient Peru is a legend being told by the people who still perform the rituals and festivals that in the past were performed in order to maintain a harmony between the forces of good and the forces of evil and gain a moment of peace.
The legend match with a narrative mentioned in the Bible in the Book of Samuel, chapter 6, in which a race of Giants inhabited a region in Mesopotamia. The place was known as a processing center for agricultural goods.
The city's history begins well before the Philistines or Israelites arrived into the region.
During the Philistine control the territory had five axis lords that were giants and executed great powers. The place was the birthplace of Goliath and other giant warriors, and at the time that Israel crossed the Jordan into the Promised Land, the giant's race of the Anakim controlled the region. Joshua 11; 1 Sam 17; 2 Sam 21; 1 Chron. 20. The giants that resided in the territory were called Gittites. Joshua 13.
Joshua's conquest of the Promised Land did not include the territory occupied by these giants. This was to be accomplished later. Accordingly, God instructed Joshua to assign the region to the 12 tribes. Judah was the tribe receiving the territory in which this city of giants was located. Josh.13; 15.
Both the Ephraimites and Benjamites skirmished with the Gittites. 1Chron.7; 8. In Samuel's day the captured Ark of the Covenant was brought to the city of the giants, with disastrous consequences to the city's inhabitants. 1 Sam. 5. Shortly thereafter Israel subdued the power of these giants and certain cities that they had taken from Israel kept coming back to Israel from the regions that their power were placed. 1 Sam 7.
David purportedly met Goliath, who came from these race of giants, in a legendary man-to-man conflict. 1Sam 17; 2 Sam 21. From this city of giants David began to curry favor with the leaders of Judah who under Saul's power controlled the region. David found refuge in this place in his flight from Saul, when he was being pursued as an enemy of the king. The city's king granted refugee status to David. People from the Negeb region and the city of Hebron and men from the city of the giants (Gittites) became David's most loyal supporters throughout his reign. 2 Sam. 15.
After Israel losing control over the region, the place was conquered by the Aramean king Hazael and its  strategic location on the ROAD leading UP to Jerusalem via Elah Valley and Bethlehem was used in an attack against Jerusalem. 2 Kings 12.
The region was then taken by the Assyrian king Sargon as part of his purported conquest of Judah, and the city  of giants then passed out the pages of history.
The exact location of the city is unknown. Its early passing from historical mention and the absence of information of the whereabout of the giants of this region makes the tracking of it impossible.
We have only the archaeological remains of five giants found in Northern Peru. The remains belong to a culture that began its existence between AD 100 and 800. They were a farming and fishing community of people. They constructed irrigation canals, pyramids, palaces and temples.
The artifacts inside the tombs include ceramics, textiles, and human sacrifices. The quality of the ceramics and metal work is astonishing. The objects were often decorated with scenes of hunting, fishing, combat, punishment, sexual encounters and elaborate ceremonies. The particular richness in one of the tombs suggests that its occupant had wielded enormous power. The man's face was covered with a mask made of copper and gold. Images of bats, common in Moche depictions of human sacrifice and ritual blood drinking, filled the man's tomb, including a headdress decorated with gilded copper bats and a bat nose ornament of solid gold.
These giants apparently are the remnants of the Anakims.  Only time will give us the connecting dots missing in history about what happened to its race.

THE INCREDIBLE POWER OF RECIPROCITY IN THE INCAN EMPIRE

The TAHUANTINSUYU meaning "Four Parts Together" or "Land of the Four Quarters" reigned in South America stretching as far North as southern Colombia and Ecuador, including Peru and Bolivia as well as northwestern Argentine and northern Chile.
FIVE PRINCIPLES defined the Andean way of life: To Love (Munay), To Learn, Know and Remember (Yachay), To Work (Llan'kay), Respect Life (Kawsay), and Reciprocity (Ayni).
Among all of them, Reciprocity (Ayni) was regarded as the most important principle, as it provided the BACKBONE OF LIFE.  It was understood as an exchange of energy between humans, nature, and the universe.
By observation they gave this lesson: a tree that is watered by humans uses this water to convert carbon dioxide into oxygen and glucose. The oxygen is used by humans to perform respiration and survive, and some glucose may eventually find its way into products that humans use such as fruits.  In return, humans convert oxygen back to carbon dioxide for use by the tree, as well as planting seeds that the tree produced to develop more trees. Also it will rip rewards to the simple act of watering a tree as it will provide shade, act as barriers for the wind, as soil anchors, and much more.
The cosmos was perceived  dual  and hierarchical with a variety of opposing forces jostling in position through on-going action. Their world view was animistic. The idea that life and will were intrinsically connected with spiritual forces acting in the three levels of reality in which humans were part of, was the central point of their religion.
The Supreme Deity or Creator God (Viracocha) was remote from the people. The Sun and the Moon were treated as two opposing forces that acted in the realm where humans lived. A three part balance was the aim of all principles. The Supreme Deity was the only one able to be transferred from one realm to the other. The other two were understood as twin forces able to gain balance and complementing each other as long as human behavior accepted the laws governing such balance.
The Five Principles were followed and the reciprocity they enjoyed was seen through the way of life they had during the glorious time of the Incan Empire.
Certain aspects of these principles are still done by the remnant left that still live up in the mountains.

THE SACRED FOREST OF THE AMAZON WATERS

The "MISMI" is the sacred mountain that forms the sacred waters that at its last point of its journey meet the Amazon River. The mountain peak is at  5,597 m (18,363 ft) above the sea level. It is located in the Chila Mountain Range in the Andes of Peru. A glacial stream from the Mismi form the Lake Ticlla Cocha at the base of the mountain  and from there forms the Apurimac River making it the longest upstream extension of the Amazon River, the world's largest river -by volume- which its current length is 4000 miles (6,437 kms).
The Chila Mountain Range lies in the Arequipa Region in the Andes. The range is located in the provinces of Castilla and Caylloma. It traverses the province of Castilla from east to west.
In 1542, friar Gaspar de Carbajal recorded the way he and his shipmates reacted with fascination to the narratives that the People of the Amazon Forest spoke about powerful creatures, mythical snakes, ogres, defenders of the forest, beautiful female spirits, and handsome males, capable of transformation walked the path-ways and populated the river creating a sense of awe, and also fear.
More than 800 groups of people with different ethnicity and speaking different languages, such as the Arawak, Carib, and Tupian, once lived in this Forest.  It is an old green land that has been inhabited for between 40,000 and 60,000 years.
Research  done among the priests (shamans) of the Amazon Forest shows a particular way of doing the ritual of crossing-over towards the three realms known as "pachas." It is a ritual used to get advice over matters concerning the community to the presence of divine powers and spirits in charge in order to continue the balance needed for the harmonized peace between them and the universe. Non-visual senses increases their power and the is done in a form of a vision or hallucinations. It uses different vibrations that translate into each other. It is like moving into the interior of images, and the images move into you, like dreaming and reading at the same time.
Amazonian cultures are known for its complex philosophy. It shows the notion that the world is inhabited by different sort of entities, humans and non-humans which grasp reality from distinct points of view. The shamans experience moments when the boundary between this world and other realities cracks and they are able to see animals, birds, and trees, in their true human form. Power and fear is felt at the same time. Transformation and shape-shifting, rather than fixity, are the basic premises of this type of experience. What it conveys is the clear understanding of how the world came to be. Through a series of transformations from the non visual reality to the one in which the current boundaries became established is the ideology they applied in order to comprehend the language of the supernatural world.
In today's world, boundaries have become barriers and Nature merely an object to be exploited for economic gain rather than human progress, losing the connection that brings the understanding of the laws governing everything.
Shamanic experience is still alive in the Amazonas River. Even us which are not connected to the Natural world daily, we perceive the crossing of realities in a very different way. Redness in our faces, vomiting sensations, nervous breakdown, all of them are symptoms, but if we do not progress in the understanding of our inner perspective of the world in which we live in, then healing our sickness will result in a constant defeat to our own nature.
The laws of our natural world is unknown to us, but not to the ones who live in the Amazon Forest. The world of spirits, animals, souls, and humans will continue its way and only a few will understand the force that binds all together,
The Amazon region is the habitat of the greatest number of plant and animals in the world. It is a vast territory almost the size of the continental United States. Situated in the equatorial region of the planet, the Amazon River basin covers several countries. The territory is shared by Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador Colombia and Venezuela.

INCAN VIEW ABOUT ATTACHMENT and LOVE

All the people in the Andes had a clear view about ATTACHMENT and LOVE. The observed all the magnificence of nature and noticed that even the insects were in pursue of two important ingredients,  peace and joy.
In order to reach a level on enjoyment in their every day life, they understood the statutes and rules of Nature, and grasp the understanding of these laws to build a kind and compassionate heart towards all the entities around them. Nature was simple and clear to them, and at the same time the best teacher that they ever had.
They modeled their way of life in tune with these laws and the material things such as owning lands or possession of treasures for self purpose had an empty value in their minds. They believed in the afterlife and developed a deep understanding of the spirit dimension. The real treasure was to earn enough power  through their actions in order to achieve dominion over all the entities around them in a very harmonious way.
The people of the Andes avoided the consequences caused by desire and attachment. Everyone exercised Love and Compassion, but on some of them was great and in others it was small. They observed the flesh eating animals and saw that even them never would eat its own cub.
So, for them desire and hatred were two powerful entities. The bridge connecting them was ATTACHMENT. Without it no one would generate anger, so they believed that the roof of anger was desire. Anger and Attachment produced negative energies and were very easy to obtain. The power in them was to eliminate the Attachment over things that involved the desire of the flesh to gain control over suffering. Mental attitude played a very important role in the process of elimination, creating an emptiness from the things belonging to the flesh and interdependence in terms of one another in the spiritual terms. For them it was clear the understanding of how a thing exist and at the same time how it appears to exist in the physical world. You couldn't have one without the other.
Attachment to the the things of the flesh and Love were totally opposite. Attachment was selfish and love was unselfish. If the marriage of energies coming from the sacred places were in nature from attachment to them, then punishment were expected, and the source of power broken, because attachment was understood as a temporary boundary. But, if the marriage of energies were in nature from a sincere love to Nature and that pure power was the one able to move mountains of obstacles then the power would last as long as harmony was maintained.
Unfortunately, when the Spanish invasion occurred, the empire was divided between two forces, one controlled by Huascar and the other by Atahualpa. Assassination of Huascar came from the hand of his own brother, Atahualpa. The whole empire was in a great turmoil, and the power that they maintained once broke after the assassination of Atahualpa from the hands of the Spanish invaders.

ANCIENT PERUVIANS and the WORLD.

Few people in the world realize how much they owe to the ancient people of the Andes. They gave to the world the many varieties of potatoes and corn. Their knowledge of agriculture has never been surpassed. The fine textiles and the beautiful pottery equaled the best that Egypt could offer.
The Incas governed their millions of subjects with firmness and justice under a benevolent system that allowed no one to be hungry or cold.
They had no written language, not even hieroglyphics. What we know about them has had to depend on what they left, aided by the chronicles of the sixteenth century, most written looking upon through european eyes in terms of their history and politics.
This civilization found a perfect way of living in one of the most inaccessible parts of the Andes cordillera, the region lying between the Apu-rimac River and the Uru-bamba River. Two important affluents of the mighty Amazon River. Here they shared their habitat with mighty precipices, passes three miles high, granite canyons more than a mile in depth, glaciers and tropical jungles, as well as with very dangerous rapids.
In spite of these geographical challenges, they were able to build fortresses on top of very high mountains. The religious and military headquarters were placed there. The acclimatization of their bodies were obtained through a very powerful diet using their own agricultural resources.
The royal city of Vilcabamba is one of the great mysteries of the Inca's Empire. Hidden in the mountains is the last great city silently waiting to be found.
Shortly after the invasion of Cuzco, Peru, in 1533, Pizarro placed a young Inca nobleman, on the throne. In 1537, Manco Inca rebelled and fled into the myterious and remote regions of Vilcabamba.
Around 1553, Manco Inca installed his kingdom protected by the mountain of Vilcabamba.  After Manco Inca, Sayro Tupac Amaru, and Tupac Tito Cusi resisted the rebellion until 1572.
The Vilcabamba area, and the Spirit Pampa is believed to have been the long-sought "last refuge" of the noble Inca. The royal city was completely lost from the sight of the invaders. It was protected by the remnant of the Empire as a sacred shrine hidden on top of great precipices in a canyon where the secret of its existence was and still is safely buried under the shadow of Machu Picchu Sacred Mountain.
The marvel of this place holds a special beauty in the sublimity of its surroundings. There is nothing in the world that can compare to the character and the mystery of its beauty.

The "SPIRIT" of the "LAND" has a life of its own.

Legendary explorer Christopher Columbus believed that Nature had a power on its own. He wanted to know its secrets and that feeling was the strong force that moved him to spend his whole life sailing in pursuit to discover "a new land." He was a saintly mystic of deep piety with an enigmatic character.
He wrote: "I went to sail over the seas from the most tender age and have continued in a sea life to this day. Whoever gives himself up to this art wants to know the Secrets of Nature here below in this world. I have more than Forty Years that I have been thus engaged. Wherever anyone has sailed, there I have sailed... then ... I ought to be judge as a Captain sent from Spain to the Indies, ... a New World to be found ... a nation with numerous people, with customs and religion all together but very different to ours."
Without forgetting the economic and political motives resulting in the transoceanic expeditions of 15th century Spain, the quality of the encounter of both the Old and the New World was a disastrous event.
The settlers took their arrival in 1492 as TIME ZERO and superimposed their European economy on their own terms without suspecting that in the end this assault to the Laws of Nature, in the future, will result in a catastrophic ecological imbalance.
The Americas were already a land populated by people happily living in harmony with the Laws of Nature. For them to become wise required a personal transformation. The knower and the known became linked in an irreversible way and changed a fundamental way of process information. With this learning process it was possible to know the names, structures and chemical composition of all forms of life residing with them in the same landscape.
Europeans nobles who were the first to come to the New World to settle were educated with sedentary authoritarian social order with relatively autonomous individual man made laws.
Individual land ownership with fixed boundaries replaced flexible communal governance of shifting and seasonal patterns of land use. Exotic agricultural products replace local productivity. Fenced-in imported livestock replaced free-roaming animal life. Linear growth of production and exports replaced the sustainable seasonal round of resource use. Gross National Product replaced ecological sustainability. The Swiss Bank account replaced neighborly sharing, bartering and hospitality. Man made medicine replaced the power of natural healing medicine grown around the landscape in which the natural man set his habitat. Singing inside a shower with perfumed soap replaced praying sessions for hours in a sweat lodge with herbal cleansing made of sage and sweet grass. Global reality now seen in television replaced the natural touch experienced before with the interrelation between man and its landscape.
Knowledge now is seen as something that can be purchased and accumulated by almost anyone if they have the resources to acquire it. But this type of learning process lack its spiritual and emotional facts that are described as tacit, empathic or analog knowledge, and it can only be learnt through non- verbally direct experience using all of our senses: the whole of our being.
Our brains do not accumulate information in a digital form, but rather by growing new synapses. Since the wiring of the brain grows more dense and complex until we are quite old, the learning process is mainly by forming more associations, and co-processing more sensory inputs. Although language and mathematics are powerful tools for modeling the world around us, our ability to think consciously in words and symbols is only a small part of our processing capacity.
The fact that RELIGION was and it is still been in the service of life to the whole natural people of the Americas make them a better source of knowledge about everything. They still seek a better aligment to the cosmos so that the world might continue. In contrast to this reality is the fact that we live in an age and culture that does not grant equal weight to human responsibilities, neglecting our obligations to the Laws of Nature. Our religion separates us from the land, which enable us to pray for ourselves while at the same time we decline our responsibility for the care of the earth that actually feed us. Our potential threat is the assumption that the resources of Nature are endlessly and expansive.
Where do we go from here? Is the Spirit of Nature a commodity belonging to us or slave to us or it is an entity possessing its own life in which we are a very small part of its community?
More than five hundred years have passed since the first european settlers arrived to the Americas. The effect is being proved by the severity of the climatic chaos. The land of the Americas survived catastrophic events but the lives of its inhabitants was preserved for thousands and thousands of years because everyone found its place in the harmony demanded by the Laws of Nature. Still the remnant of these people maintain their ceremonies that symbolizes LIFE as a SPIRIT that makes its journey in which there is a mystery beyond every door. The outside world can see it but they remain blind but in time they may come to understand that the SPIRIT of the LAND has a LIFE of its own.

The sacredness of the URUBAMBA River.

The INCAS found a perfect way of living in one of the most inaccessible parts of the Andes, in Peru, the REGION lying BETWEEN the APURIMAC River and the URUBAMBA River.
The REGION was considered the heartland of the Inca Empire. It comprises the departments of Cuzco, Puno and Apurimac, bordered by the highlands and Amazon on the North and West; and by Bolivia and the Amazon on the South and East.
URUBAMBA rises in the Andes Mountains to the southeast of Cuzco. It originates in the Mountain Khunurana in the Puno Region, Melgar Province, near La Raya pass. The River's upstream change the name to its Aymara name VILCANOTA, which means "House of the Sun." It is called Vilcanota in the area where it comes above the ground (near Puno Region's border).
The section of the River that flows across the Sacred Valley of the Incas (exactly between PISAC and OLLANTAYTAMBO) is called WILLCAMAYU or HUILCAMAYO meaning "Sacred River."
Then it flows North- North-West for 724 kilometers when it is called URUBAMBA in Northern Peru, where it is partially navigable, before coalescing with the Tambo River to form the UCAYALI River.
The Sacred River then meets with the Apurimac and Ucayali Rivers, together with them it forms the mighty AMAZON River.
The REGION was considered the CENTER OF THE INCA UNIVERSE. Here they shared their habitat with mighty precipices, passes three miles high, granite canyons more than a mile in depth, glaciers and tropical jungles, as well as dangerous rapids.
The INCAS had excellent skills in building such stone structures all over the mighty Valley. Heavy granite stones were the primary materials. Extremely hard to cut, even with today's technology.
Why the Incas chose this complex way of building is not known. Certainly with today's eyes and minds  we can observe that the Inca buildings were done to defy time.

VILCABAMBA, one of the great mysteries of the INCAS.

The city of Vilcabamba, hidden in the mountains, is one of the great mysteries of the Inca's Empire. It is the last great city silently waiting to be found in the heart of Peru.
The city was a sacred shrine hidden on top of great precipices in a canyon where the secrecy of its existence was safely buried under the shadow of Machu Picchu mountain.
Shortly after the invasion of Cuzco, in 1533, Pizarro placed a young Inca nobleman, Manco, on the throne. In 1537 Manco rebelled against the Spanish and fled into the mysterious and remote regions of Vilcabamba.
Around 1553, Manco Inca installed a rebellious kingdom about 50 miles away from Cuzco in the Grand Canyon of the Urubamba River, protected by the mountains of Vilcabamba, while the Spaniards invaders had already taken almost the rest of the Empire.
From his hidden refuge Manco and his warriors, estimated to be from 50,000 to 80,000 strong and mountain trained men, launched successful attacks against the invaders' supply routes. Several counter-strikes launched by Pizarro failed to dislodge Manco.
Following Manco's death in 1545, the rebellion continued under Manco's sons : Sayri Tupac,Tito Cusi, and Tupac Amaru. They resisted until 1572, the latter finally being captured near the River Urubamba, taken to Cuzco and executed there.
The Vilcabamba area, and Espiritu Pampa is believed to have been the long-sought "last refuge" of the Sapa Inca, and was never found by the invaders.
Few people realize how much we owe to the ancient Peruvians. They gave to the world the countless varieties of potato, gigantic corns, quinoa, etc. Their knowledge of agriculture has never been surpassed. The fine textiles and the beautiful pottery surpassed the best that Egypt could offer.
The Incas governed their millions of subjects with firmness and justice under a benevolent system that allowed no one to be hungry or cold.
They had no written language, not even hieroglyphics. What we know about them has had to depend on what they left, aided by the oral lore that was pass on from generations to generations.
They found a perfect way of living in one of the most inaccessible parts of the Andes, the region lying between the APURIMAC river and the URUBAMBA river, two important affluents of the AMAZON river. Here they shared their habitat with mighty precipices, passes three miles high, granite canyons more than a mile in depth, glaciers and tropical jungles, as well as with dangerous rapids. In other words they had one of the most wonderful places in the world.

The mysterious PARACAS CULTURE. (from 800 BCE to 100BCE)

PARACAS culture was an andean society between 800 and 100 BCE, with an extensive knowledge of irrigation and water management and a very significant contribution in the textiles arts. The culture was among the earliest settled civilization of the Chincha Valley, one of the longest and most productive regions located on the Pacific Central Coast of Peru, two hundred kilometers South of Lima.
The ancient astronomical-aligned energy sites on Earth were not unfamiliar to the Paracas culture. They possessed a deep discernment and wisdom and sophisticated understanding. Newly discovered geoglyph lines and mounds dated back to 300 BC proves it. Some lines mark the spot where the Sun would have set during the June solstice together with two-U-shaped mounds and a larger platform aligned to it. Other lines appear to mark time or point out to sacred mountains or yet others point to sacred structures. The Paracas Candelabra is known as a reflection of the Southern Cross Constellation.
The fact that Giza is 72 degrees West of Angkor Wat ( location name made up from two sacred Egyptian words Ankh meaning 'to live," and Horus meaning 'far-above-one') and 108 degrees East of Paracas suggest that the ancient world had a very accurate language in measuring the globe. The common purpose was to harness the enormous power of the earth, aligned at the same time, with the power created by the motion of the other planets in our solar system as well as with the central power of the galaxy (Milky Way).
Paracas is also home to the mysterious elongated skulls that were not the result of the practice of head- binding, the process being known as cranial deformation. At least 300 skulls were found at the Colorado Mountain adjacent to the main graveyard (Wari Kayan).
The skulls had cranial volume larger, and in some cases 25 per cent larger than a conventional modern human skull. A theory from the locals says that the society that developed in the area had a very ancient origin. They were a very advanced civilization from old. Their food were basically from the soil. The fact that the food they ate did not consider animals was much better at extending their years on earth.
The excavations on the North side of the Peninsula, in the central area of the large semicircular Bay, the massive and elevated graveyard was found. Each tomb contained an entire family. Each one consisted of a many layers of intricate, ornate, and finely woven textiles in conical-wrapped bundle. The individual inside was in a seated position holding a cord and facing North across the Bay of Paracas. Next to the corpse, offerings such as ceramics, food stuffs, baskets and weapons were placed.
There is evidence that these tombs had a continual use over centuries and the heads of many of the deceased were taken out in order to make them be present to the religious ceremonies, a custom very important to the continuity of the peaceful life. The embroidered cloaks, which are among the finest examples of the art of textile making in the world, shows the high degree of advancement they had in the physical world. The covering garment was and still is the symbolism of the protection to the invisible journey of the soul. The ancestors which in their time of existence were also in pursuit to the highest degree of spiritual development are now seated in high places to let them help the world of the living in their function of maintain the peace and harmony of the forces of Nature.
PARACAS is hot and dry during the day, but cold at night (10*C or 50*F). It almost never rain, but in winter the Paracas' drizzles are common.
PARACAS is a marine reserve, the only one in Peru, and the reason is the quantity of seabirds that stop there in their migration from South to North, and the diversity of sea mammals and fish.
There are many spots in the reserve, and the most famous is the BALLESTAS ISLANDS. It is a group of small islands that shelter an enormous number of sea lions and seals.
The ICA region is famous for its drinks based on fermented grape, excellent wines and the famous PISCO. Pisco is a pure grape brandy used to prepare the national cocktail named "Pisco Sour." The best time to try those drinks is at the Vintage Festivity on March in ICA city.