Kuelap's Fortress is an ancient walled city, the largest stone complex in South America, located at 3000 m. above sea level, higher than the site of Machu Picchu.
The huge stone complex is fairly isolated, situated on a mountain ridge about 3000 m high, in the Amazonian Region with a landscape of steep river gorges and mountains, overlooking the Utcubamba Valley, far from the coast region, in Chacahpoyas, Northern Peru. The fortress consists of a walled city, with massive exterior stones surrounding more than 450 buildings. It is 600m in length, 110 m in width, and its walls rise up to 19 m height.
The high walls that cover the outer surfaces of the platform, and the tightness of the access to the citadel in its final stretch, suggest that the monumental citadel was a kind of refuge center in the event of natural disasters. Its sacred religious function is shown through the number of sacred rivers running underground and the sacred composition of its waters.
It is said that the piezoelectric calcite content in the chemical composition of it had a resonating effect in the pineal gland, producing a collective and unifying effect in the synchronization of the universal electromagnetic field and the earth electromagnetic field.
The superior or principal official that were heads of the clans that belonged to the Chachapoya community, responsible to the care of the Amazonian Region, were invested with religious authority, powerful enough to act as mediators between the supernatural sphere and the mortal realm. They were responsible for making sure that the spirit world blessed the mortal one with prosperity, and were held accountable if disaster strike. They were the tax collectors in that specific sense.
A powerful aristocracy lived inside the complex whose primary mission was to provide religious leadership and to administer food production.
Access to the ruins of Kuelap at the summit of the hill that rises on the left bank of the Utcubamba, is gained via El Tingo, a town approximately 1800 m above sea level near the bank of the river. A horse trail also winds along the left bank of the Tingo River and leads eventually up to Marcapampa, a small level upland near the site.
Sunday, November 22, 2015
Saturday, November 14, 2015
THE INCAS HAVE NO CLASS OF TRADERS AT ALL.
The Inca Empire is the only one advanced civilization in the Old and New Worlds that traders did not exist within its boundaries and the verticality of its power did not let commerce with means of financial gains develop. The language that they use to obtain what they need to survive at that high altitude was sharing and everything produced in the land in a vertical way was distributed among its subjects in a right amount making no one left unattended.
In the Old World, on the contrary, the horizontal way of commerce was common. By the second millennium BC, former Cyprus had become a major Mediterranean player by ferrying its vast copper resources to the Near East and Egypt. These regions , in turn, were very wealthy due to their own natural resources such as papyrus and wool. Phoenicia, famous for its seafaring expertise, commercialized its valuable cedar wood and linens dyes all over the Mediterranean. China prospered by trading Jade, spices, and later, silk. Britain did the same with its abundance of tin. In the absence of roads, the most efficient way to transport goods from one place to another was by sea.
During the time Christopher Columbus, his birthplace, Genoa was one of Europe's largest cities on the Mediterranean Sea and the largest Sea Port in Italy, also the capital city of the Ligurian Region and the 6th largest city in Italy. Its massive shipyards and its solid financial reputation goes back to the Middle Ages. The Bank of Saint George, founded in 1407 is among the oldest in the World and it played an important role in the financial support given to the Kings in order to find new ways to get rich through the commercialization of their goods. When they arrive to the American lands they really thought they were in India. With their arrival, an old branch of human race mixed with a pure and clean one formed with different way of life. Diseases from the Old World came with them and killed the inhabitants of the new world in a massive way since they never had it and did not have enough time to develop immunity in their bodies like the Europeans did. They already had experienced numerous plagues because of the overcrowded cities, lack of planning, lack of sanitation and an enormous greed of becoming rich.
To the massive Inca Empire, the largest in South America, that stretched a total length of 2,485 miles, essentially the length of the Continent between the Ancasmayo River at the border of modern day Colombia and Ecuador, all the way to Maule River in modern day Chile, the greatest mystery in the eyes of the first Europeans that landed in American lands and couldn't comprehend was the superb economy that the people of the New World had without a trading class and market places to lean on.
When the Europeans arrived to the lands of the Incas they were astonish and felt intimidated when they saw the enormous Empire the Incas had without leaning in the language of commerce and marketplaces they were used to.
The Incas were able to incorporate lands from today's Colombia, Chile, Bolivia, Ecuador, Argentina, and Peru and connect all of them by a vast highway system across the Andes Mountain tops and down to the shoreline whose complexity rivaled any in the Old World, and has never been surpassed.
The superb knowledge in planning and architectural designs made them master builders and experienced land planners, capable of extremely sophisticated Mountain agriculture, and able to built cities around to important locations in the high altitudes of the Andes mountains to match the purpose of its design.
They elders spent most of its time instructing the young generations in the continuity of their knowledge and understanding of the cosmological forces that governed their universe. The elders specialized them in planning the agricultural uses of newly-absorbed areas according to the mountain seasons. Also they learned agricultural methods and applied the instruction in building terraced farms on the mountainsides whose crops - from potatoes and maize to peanuts and squash- were carefully chosen to thrive in the average temperatures for different altitudes. Timing was so important to them.
Very few in today's world realize how much we owe to the Incas. Very few appreciate that they gave to the Old World so many varieties of potatoes and corn and such useful herbs from which good remedies were obtained to combat common illnesses.
In the Old World, on the contrary, the horizontal way of commerce was common. By the second millennium BC, former Cyprus had become a major Mediterranean player by ferrying its vast copper resources to the Near East and Egypt. These regions , in turn, were very wealthy due to their own natural resources such as papyrus and wool. Phoenicia, famous for its seafaring expertise, commercialized its valuable cedar wood and linens dyes all over the Mediterranean. China prospered by trading Jade, spices, and later, silk. Britain did the same with its abundance of tin. In the absence of roads, the most efficient way to transport goods from one place to another was by sea.
During the time Christopher Columbus, his birthplace, Genoa was one of Europe's largest cities on the Mediterranean Sea and the largest Sea Port in Italy, also the capital city of the Ligurian Region and the 6th largest city in Italy. Its massive shipyards and its solid financial reputation goes back to the Middle Ages. The Bank of Saint George, founded in 1407 is among the oldest in the World and it played an important role in the financial support given to the Kings in order to find new ways to get rich through the commercialization of their goods. When they arrive to the American lands they really thought they were in India. With their arrival, an old branch of human race mixed with a pure and clean one formed with different way of life. Diseases from the Old World came with them and killed the inhabitants of the new world in a massive way since they never had it and did not have enough time to develop immunity in their bodies like the Europeans did. They already had experienced numerous plagues because of the overcrowded cities, lack of planning, lack of sanitation and an enormous greed of becoming rich.
To the massive Inca Empire, the largest in South America, that stretched a total length of 2,485 miles, essentially the length of the Continent between the Ancasmayo River at the border of modern day Colombia and Ecuador, all the way to Maule River in modern day Chile, the greatest mystery in the eyes of the first Europeans that landed in American lands and couldn't comprehend was the superb economy that the people of the New World had without a trading class and market places to lean on.
When the Europeans arrived to the lands of the Incas they were astonish and felt intimidated when they saw the enormous Empire the Incas had without leaning in the language of commerce and marketplaces they were used to.
The Incas were able to incorporate lands from today's Colombia, Chile, Bolivia, Ecuador, Argentina, and Peru and connect all of them by a vast highway system across the Andes Mountain tops and down to the shoreline whose complexity rivaled any in the Old World, and has never been surpassed.
The superb knowledge in planning and architectural designs made them master builders and experienced land planners, capable of extremely sophisticated Mountain agriculture, and able to built cities around to important locations in the high altitudes of the Andes mountains to match the purpose of its design.
They elders spent most of its time instructing the young generations in the continuity of their knowledge and understanding of the cosmological forces that governed their universe. The elders specialized them in planning the agricultural uses of newly-absorbed areas according to the mountain seasons. Also they learned agricultural methods and applied the instruction in building terraced farms on the mountainsides whose crops - from potatoes and maize to peanuts and squash- were carefully chosen to thrive in the average temperatures for different altitudes. Timing was so important to them.
Very few in today's world realize how much we owe to the Incas. Very few appreciate that they gave to the Old World so many varieties of potatoes and corn and such useful herbs from which good remedies were obtained to combat common illnesses.
Sunday, November 8, 2015
SACRED PATHWAYS OF THE INCA
The sacred pathways of the Inca refers to a trail, field, boundary, or linear expression of energy that was treated as a sacred manifestation of the cosmic force showing them the journey or pilgrimage they had to follow in order to maintain balance with the universal forces.
According to this pathways of cosmic energy, the Inca territory was divided into 4 sections called "Suyos." The local name for the land was "Tahuantinsuyo," meaning "4 parts together."
Cuzco, the capital, was the center and meeting point of these 4 sections, which converged at Coricancha, the temple of the Sun. Radiating out from the Coricancha, the pathway contained numerous shrines that were treated as religious places of ceremonial significance.
Cuzco, then, was split in half, Hanan Cuzco to the North and Hurin Cuzco to the South, with each half containing 2 of the 4 "Suyos."
The city was designed as a miniature model of what the empire would expand during the time of its existence. Every place where the Inca land expanded the pathway followed was the exact replica of the one in Cuzco.
Some of the pathways were straight lines of energy, while others zigzag their way across the landscape. They never crossed one another, although often they were running parallel to one another.
The Inca Quipu system were used to map them. It was a way of storing information by using knots on connected strings. Calendar and astronomical events were associated with it, and sometimes a description of the environment in which the pathway passed through.
The position of the shrines were related to Inca understanding of astronomy. The number of them on each trail varied, typically from 3 to 13 or more. Certain people from specific kin groups were designated as caretakers for each of them. Not everybody was able to resist the amount of radiation that those shrines produced.
The Inca were able to receive information from the environment through the human energy field. They were able to detect which part of their land were energized and which part was drained.
As the energy field interact with the surroundings, they also were able to protect themselves from the harmful effects of sun and cosmic radiation. They were very knowledgeable about it given the fact that their habitat was in the mountains at altitudes between 2500 - 5000 meters above sea level with an spectacular and varied geography.
According to this pathways of cosmic energy, the Inca territory was divided into 4 sections called "Suyos." The local name for the land was "Tahuantinsuyo," meaning "4 parts together."
Cuzco, the capital, was the center and meeting point of these 4 sections, which converged at Coricancha, the temple of the Sun. Radiating out from the Coricancha, the pathway contained numerous shrines that were treated as religious places of ceremonial significance.
Cuzco, then, was split in half, Hanan Cuzco to the North and Hurin Cuzco to the South, with each half containing 2 of the 4 "Suyos."
The city was designed as a miniature model of what the empire would expand during the time of its existence. Every place where the Inca land expanded the pathway followed was the exact replica of the one in Cuzco.
Some of the pathways were straight lines of energy, while others zigzag their way across the landscape. They never crossed one another, although often they were running parallel to one another.
The Inca Quipu system were used to map them. It was a way of storing information by using knots on connected strings. Calendar and astronomical events were associated with it, and sometimes a description of the environment in which the pathway passed through.
The position of the shrines were related to Inca understanding of astronomy. The number of them on each trail varied, typically from 3 to 13 or more. Certain people from specific kin groups were designated as caretakers for each of them. Not everybody was able to resist the amount of radiation that those shrines produced.
The Inca were able to receive information from the environment through the human energy field. They were able to detect which part of their land were energized and which part was drained.
As the energy field interact with the surroundings, they also were able to protect themselves from the harmful effects of sun and cosmic radiation. They were very knowledgeable about it given the fact that their habitat was in the mountains at altitudes between 2500 - 5000 meters above sea level with an spectacular and varied geography.
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