When you travel through the mountains of Souther Peru, try to visit the region of Apu-Rimac. The name in Quechua means "God Who Speaks." You will stand in awe before the majestic Pacucha Lagoon. It is located at 3,120 meters (10,236 feet) above sea level and is one of the loveliest and largest of Peruvian lagoons. A local villager of this area told about this ancient story which focuses on the vegetable which has been cultivated in the Andes for more than 10,000 years: The Potato.
In the very ancient times, The Andes were populated by men and women that lived in perfect harmony with Nature and all its abundance. Their respect and veneration for the Pachamama, Mother Earth, was great. The Earth, in return, never failed to give the people all the fruits needed to sustain them.
This perfect Spirit of Harmony, however, was not to last. It is said that one day, People controlled by the forces of Chaos, arrived in the land from a far away region outside the Andes. When they saw the Natural Abundance of the Land, and, they decided to stay. They were controlled by a very powerful Spirit of Selfishness that made these people very selfish, and deceptive. They took everything for themselves, stealing from every place they encountered in the land.
The People were depleted from all their becoming crops and the Spirit of Hunger and Need began to grow among them. There was no longer a source of food, and conflicts with the invaders started to grow and increase in high proportion.
In their desperation the villagers cried and called upon the Apu Mountain Gods (The Spirit of the Mountains) who heeded their cries for help and gave them seeds to plant. They worked very hard and made them grow.
When the evil foreigners saw what they were doing, they uprooted all of the plants, and once again the villagers were without food. They cried again and called upon The Apu. The Spirit spoke to them and told them to remove roots that grew from the seeds of the uprooted plants and eat them. In this way all the people became knowledgeable about The Potato.
With the new root as food the villagers were able to instruct all the Andean People about it and all grew again in strength and were able to face and overcome the foreigner evil spirit with its people that once enslave them and savage their land.
The Potato then was considered sacred and never again they were attacked by foreigners and the root grew in the high mountains to everybody and the Spirit of Harmony came again.
Thursday, June 30, 2016
THE COLCA CANYON AND THE LEGEND OF THE WILD FLOWER AND THE CONDOR.
North of the Peruvian city of Arequipa is found Colca Canyon. At 4,150 meters (13,615 ft) of profundity, it is the World's deepest Canyon.
Traveling around it, one's eyes are filled with the beauty of the surrounding Mountains, Pastures, Hot Spring zones, Rivers, and diverse flora. One of the most impressive of animal species native to this region is the Andean Condor, a bird that reaches heights of up to 7000 meters (22,965 ft). The spirit that encompass the place had its story and was told by the inhabitants of this beautiful place through the
"Legend of the Wild Flower and the Condor."
The Wild Flower was a beautiful young shepherdess who lived in the Andes. Every day she would arise very early to take her llamas and sheep to graze along a wide stretch of pastureland. There she would spend the long hours spinning and enjoying nature. What the young girl did not know was that for some time now, a beautiful bird named "Condor" had been closely watching her until one day, he fell in love with her.
One day Condor, who always made a great show of his graceful flights over the pastureland, glided down from the sky and greeted the girl. Wild Flower returned the greeting and in short time, they became great friends.
Condor and Wild Flower enjoyed the time they spent together. The Condor lowered himself gently to let the girl climb upon his back and together they flew over the fields, calling to the fresh breeze and rejoicing in each other's company. Once they flew to the very highest mountain peak, where they looked down on the majesty of the earth; it was there that they decided to spend the night.
It is said that when Wild Flower awoke the following morning she found her hands had become wings, her skin had been transformed into feathers. The beautiful young girl was an equally beautiful Condor. Now she could fly happily on her own, which -with Condor at her side- is exactly what she did. The two birds soared high into the heavens and flew away, never to be seen again."
Traveling around it, one's eyes are filled with the beauty of the surrounding Mountains, Pastures, Hot Spring zones, Rivers, and diverse flora. One of the most impressive of animal species native to this region is the Andean Condor, a bird that reaches heights of up to 7000 meters (22,965 ft). The spirit that encompass the place had its story and was told by the inhabitants of this beautiful place through the
"Legend of the Wild Flower and the Condor."
The Wild Flower was a beautiful young shepherdess who lived in the Andes. Every day she would arise very early to take her llamas and sheep to graze along a wide stretch of pastureland. There she would spend the long hours spinning and enjoying nature. What the young girl did not know was that for some time now, a beautiful bird named "Condor" had been closely watching her until one day, he fell in love with her.
One day Condor, who always made a great show of his graceful flights over the pastureland, glided down from the sky and greeted the girl. Wild Flower returned the greeting and in short time, they became great friends.
Condor and Wild Flower enjoyed the time they spent together. The Condor lowered himself gently to let the girl climb upon his back and together they flew over the fields, calling to the fresh breeze and rejoicing in each other's company. Once they flew to the very highest mountain peak, where they looked down on the majesty of the earth; it was there that they decided to spend the night.
It is said that when Wild Flower awoke the following morning she found her hands had become wings, her skin had been transformed into feathers. The beautiful young girl was an equally beautiful Condor. Now she could fly happily on her own, which -with Condor at her side- is exactly what she did. The two birds soared high into the heavens and flew away, never to be seen again."
THE ANDEAN CONDOR and THE CALIFORNIA CONDOR
Condors are giant birds found only in the Western Hemisphere. Two species are recognized : the California Condor of North America, and the Andean Condor of South America.
The Andean Condor is the largest flying bird in the World by combined measurement of weight and wingspan. It has a maximum wingspan of 3.3 m / 10ft 10in. Able to fly about 200 km in a day, the bird has the option to travel from coast to highlands or switch countries in a matter of hours. The bird depends highly on up-draughts and uses uses especially those which occur along the cliff faces and in canyons, near the rocky walls.
The California Condor has a maximum wingspan of 2.7 m / 9 ft. and soar over the deserts to the seacoast.
The Condors spend most of the time in the air, soaring in thermal currents. They rarely perform flapping flight in order to save energy. they can be seen in small groups or in pairs, waiting for thermals. When they take off, the large wings catch the rising current and the birds soar between the high rocky walls in gorges and ravines, playing with the friendly wind. The female often joins him and together wait for up-draughts, spreading their wings seeming to dominate their territory.
Both birds' head and neck are nearly featherless, and are a dull red color, which may flush and therefore change color in response to the bird's emotional state. Unlike most birds of prey, the male is larger than the female.
Because it takes Condor parents more than one year to raise a young Condor, the rate of reproduction is extremely low: usually one young, on average, every two years.
The Andean Condor is found in the Andes Mountains and adjacent coasts of the Pacific Ocean of Western South America. The majestic bird is regarded as the very Spirit of the South American Andes.
Its huge wings give to the bird a unique ability to glide, making it appearing as a quiet guardian in the sky, above the high peaks of the Andes.
The Andean Condor is an iconic animal because it represent the link to our cultural past. It is a national symbol of the Andes and considered sacred and as such it plays an important role in the folklore and mythology of the Andean regions. In the Quechua and Aymara cultures, the bird is a symbol of the power of the sky. The Mapuche people call the bird "the King of Birds," and believe it embodies the four cardinal virtues: Wisdom, Justice, Goodness, and Leadership.
The Andean people do not hesitate to give the bird its religious significance, counting with the great longevity of the bird with a life-span of over 70 years. Some argue that the Andean Condor never dies because when it feels old the spirit of the bird reborn again.
The Andean Condor lives at elevations of up to 5,000 m / 16,000 ft, generally on inaccessible rock ledges.
Condors are carrion eaters. They lack the strong talons and beaks of hawks and eagles, and depend on finding carcasses for food. Where food is concentrated in small area, Condor foraging ranges are smaller. For example, on the arid coast of Peru, where the ocean washes ashore remarkable constant food supply of dead marine mammals and seabirds, some Andean Condors limit their foraging to stretches of beach several kilometers long.
They sometimes travel 160 km / 100 mi per day in search of a meal. They have never been known to attack a living animal. They will commonly gorge themselves when feeding on a carcass and may go days without eating. Their keen eyesight helps them locate food. They are also keen observers of other scavengers like Vultures, Eagles, and common Ravens.
Condors need three habitat requirements: 1) reasonable reliable winds of thermal upon which soar. 2) foraging habitat that is sufficiently open to discover and access carrion food. 3) adequate supplies of carrion.
North of the Peruvian city of Arequipa is found Colca Canyon. At 4,150 m / 13,615 of profundity, it is the World's deepest canyon. Traveling around it, one's eyes is filled with the beauty of the surrounding mountains, pastures, hot spring zones, rivers, and the most impressive bird, the Andean Condor, that reaches heights of up to 7,000 m / 22,965 ft.
The Andean Condor is the largest flying bird in the World by combined measurement of weight and wingspan. It has a maximum wingspan of 3.3 m / 10ft 10in. Able to fly about 200 km in a day, the bird has the option to travel from coast to highlands or switch countries in a matter of hours. The bird depends highly on up-draughts and uses uses especially those which occur along the cliff faces and in canyons, near the rocky walls.
The California Condor has a maximum wingspan of 2.7 m / 9 ft. and soar over the deserts to the seacoast.
The Condors spend most of the time in the air, soaring in thermal currents. They rarely perform flapping flight in order to save energy. they can be seen in small groups or in pairs, waiting for thermals. When they take off, the large wings catch the rising current and the birds soar between the high rocky walls in gorges and ravines, playing with the friendly wind. The female often joins him and together wait for up-draughts, spreading their wings seeming to dominate their territory.
Both birds' head and neck are nearly featherless, and are a dull red color, which may flush and therefore change color in response to the bird's emotional state. Unlike most birds of prey, the male is larger than the female.
Because it takes Condor parents more than one year to raise a young Condor, the rate of reproduction is extremely low: usually one young, on average, every two years.
The Andean Condor is found in the Andes Mountains and adjacent coasts of the Pacific Ocean of Western South America. The majestic bird is regarded as the very Spirit of the South American Andes.
Its huge wings give to the bird a unique ability to glide, making it appearing as a quiet guardian in the sky, above the high peaks of the Andes.
The Andean Condor is an iconic animal because it represent the link to our cultural past. It is a national symbol of the Andes and considered sacred and as such it plays an important role in the folklore and mythology of the Andean regions. In the Quechua and Aymara cultures, the bird is a symbol of the power of the sky. The Mapuche people call the bird "the King of Birds," and believe it embodies the four cardinal virtues: Wisdom, Justice, Goodness, and Leadership.
The Andean people do not hesitate to give the bird its religious significance, counting with the great longevity of the bird with a life-span of over 70 years. Some argue that the Andean Condor never dies because when it feels old the spirit of the bird reborn again.
The Andean Condor lives at elevations of up to 5,000 m / 16,000 ft, generally on inaccessible rock ledges.
Condors are carrion eaters. They lack the strong talons and beaks of hawks and eagles, and depend on finding carcasses for food. Where food is concentrated in small area, Condor foraging ranges are smaller. For example, on the arid coast of Peru, where the ocean washes ashore remarkable constant food supply of dead marine mammals and seabirds, some Andean Condors limit their foraging to stretches of beach several kilometers long.
They sometimes travel 160 km / 100 mi per day in search of a meal. They have never been known to attack a living animal. They will commonly gorge themselves when feeding on a carcass and may go days without eating. Their keen eyesight helps them locate food. They are also keen observers of other scavengers like Vultures, Eagles, and common Ravens.
Condors need three habitat requirements: 1) reasonable reliable winds of thermal upon which soar. 2) foraging habitat that is sufficiently open to discover and access carrion food. 3) adequate supplies of carrion.
North of the Peruvian city of Arequipa is found Colca Canyon. At 4,150 m / 13,615 of profundity, it is the World's deepest canyon. Traveling around it, one's eyes is filled with the beauty of the surrounding mountains, pastures, hot spring zones, rivers, and the most impressive bird, the Andean Condor, that reaches heights of up to 7,000 m / 22,965 ft.
Friday, June 3, 2016
THE TOWN OF HUAMACHUCO.
Huamachuco is a town in Northern Peru and capital of the province Sanchez Carrion, one of the 12 provinces of the Libertad Region.
Huamachuco is located between the Eastern Cordillera of the Andes Mountains, and 100 km South of Caja-Marca. It has Highland areas that range from 2500-4500 m. above the sea level. Because of the heights, most of Huamachuco's land is treeless. The high-altitude grassland is known as "puna." The Highland is bounded on the East and West by two parallel Sierra Ranges.
The deep Valley slopes show evidence of deliberate farming of Andean trees and shrub vegetation, suggesting that in prehistoric times, the temperature of the Region was slightly warmer than today, allowing agriculture at higher elevations than today.
In the puna grasslands, domesticated tubers such as potatoes, oca, olluco, maca, and others, were cultivated. They also had crops of seed-producing plants, such as quinoa, amaranth, and beans.
About 30 miles away, within the Huamachuco district, is the significant archaeological site of Marca-Huamchuco. It is a complex of stone monuments, a prehistoric religious and political center of a culture that thrived 350 CE-1100 CE.
During the Andean period, small communities grew up throughout the High Lands of the Huamachuco area. They built dwellings that were oval-shaped single rooms made of stones, with floors of clay. They symbolized the spirit of the site made known through its physical energy emerging from the site through the stones and was understood as the foundation of the moral values and principles of both, the spiritual and physical realms in which the agricultural communities relied on in order to survive in harmony, and the inside use of clay to flooring represented the individual walking path in respect to the Laws of Nature governing them in relation to both realms, the spiritual and the physical. The use of these structures in their everyday lives reminded them all the principles they needed to know and were encrypted in their heart and mind, for survival, such us the storage of crops and other goods for consumption or trading, giving them a lesson of self-control, and the use of the oval rooms as a protected sites for sleeping in order to overcome confrontations either in the spiritual or in the physical realms. Their herding of domesticated animals were protected in hamlets at higher elevations (3900-4000m). As agriculture could not survive at those heights, it permitted the animals to domain and control their own specific environment, in both realms. Settlements in lower elevations (2500-3000 m) contained a large amount of agricultural tools, because at that level the schools of learning were established, showing the importance of crops in relation to the laws of nature, and the harsh environment in which the crops had to survive. Everything was learned through an active way of manifestation of the forces controlling the laws that governed all things.
The peoples depended on their domestic animals to satisfy their need for clothing, and transportation. They did not use them for agricultural purposes. The people developed and maintained intricate networks of irrigated terraces to support their crops. Textile manufacture was an essential prehistoric economic activity in this region, as evidenced by the many weaving tools found at the archaeological site. They had trade and other interaction with neighboring areas in the High Lands. Through the Huaylas Pass (Callejon de Huaylas) they also traded with the Coast.
Metal artifacts have been found in the area, attesting to their skilled artisans. Their materials were not only gold, silver, and copper, but also gilded copper and some arsenic bronze mixtures.
By the late 19th century, there was international interest in the Region. As always happened in the Andean High Lands, European travelers disturbed the natural peace of the Region by publishing drawing reports of the Marca-Huamachuco ruins. Political unrest and an outbreak of fighting was reported by the New York Times of the United States in August 1883.
The province was named after the Peruvian politician Jose Faustino Sanchez Carrion ( Huamachuco, Trujillo, February 13, 1787, Lima, June 2, 1825). He was a pro-independence politician and also known as the "Solitary man from Sayan." He had a decisive role in the establishment of the republican system of government in post-independence Peru. He was one of the writers of the 1st political constitution of Peru, founded on ideas of liberty and equality. He later participated in the diplomatic mission which travelled to Guayaquil to invite Simon Bolivar to Peru. Sanchez Carrion served as Bolivar''s general minister, accompanying him throughout his victorious campaign in Peruvian soil and acquiring the necessary resources needed by the United Liberating Army, composed by the Liberation Expedition of Peru, Great Colombia, and Peru Republic. He served from 1824 to 1825 as Peru's Minister of Government and Foreign Relations, and as such signed the invitations written by Simon Bolivar for the American Nation's attendance to the Congress of Panama. He died prematurely, victim of an unknown sickness.
The Congress of Panama, often referred to as the "Amphic-Tyonic Congress, in homage to the Amphic-Tyonic of Ancient Greece, was organized by Simon Bolivar in 1826 with the goal of bringing together the New Republics of Latin America to develop an unified policy towards the crowns of Europe. Held in Panama City from June 22 to July 15 of that year, the meeting proposed creating a league of American Republics, with a common military, a mutual defense pact, and a supranational parliamentary assembly. The Congress of Panama had political ramifications in the United States and held up its mission by not approving funds or confirming delegates. The grandly titled "Treaty of Union, League, and Perpetual Confederation" that emerged from the Congress was ultimately only ratified by Grand Colombia, and Bolivar's dream soon foundered irretrievably with Civil War in that nation, the disintegration of Central America, and the emergence of a "false nationalism."
Huamachuco is located between the Eastern Cordillera of the Andes Mountains, and 100 km South of Caja-Marca. It has Highland areas that range from 2500-4500 m. above the sea level. Because of the heights, most of Huamachuco's land is treeless. The high-altitude grassland is known as "puna." The Highland is bounded on the East and West by two parallel Sierra Ranges.
The deep Valley slopes show evidence of deliberate farming of Andean trees and shrub vegetation, suggesting that in prehistoric times, the temperature of the Region was slightly warmer than today, allowing agriculture at higher elevations than today.
In the puna grasslands, domesticated tubers such as potatoes, oca, olluco, maca, and others, were cultivated. They also had crops of seed-producing plants, such as quinoa, amaranth, and beans.
About 30 miles away, within the Huamachuco district, is the significant archaeological site of Marca-Huamchuco. It is a complex of stone monuments, a prehistoric religious and political center of a culture that thrived 350 CE-1100 CE.
During the Andean period, small communities grew up throughout the High Lands of the Huamachuco area. They built dwellings that were oval-shaped single rooms made of stones, with floors of clay. They symbolized the spirit of the site made known through its physical energy emerging from the site through the stones and was understood as the foundation of the moral values and principles of both, the spiritual and physical realms in which the agricultural communities relied on in order to survive in harmony, and the inside use of clay to flooring represented the individual walking path in respect to the Laws of Nature governing them in relation to both realms, the spiritual and the physical. The use of these structures in their everyday lives reminded them all the principles they needed to know and were encrypted in their heart and mind, for survival, such us the storage of crops and other goods for consumption or trading, giving them a lesson of self-control, and the use of the oval rooms as a protected sites for sleeping in order to overcome confrontations either in the spiritual or in the physical realms. Their herding of domesticated animals were protected in hamlets at higher elevations (3900-4000m). As agriculture could not survive at those heights, it permitted the animals to domain and control their own specific environment, in both realms. Settlements in lower elevations (2500-3000 m) contained a large amount of agricultural tools, because at that level the schools of learning were established, showing the importance of crops in relation to the laws of nature, and the harsh environment in which the crops had to survive. Everything was learned through an active way of manifestation of the forces controlling the laws that governed all things.
The peoples depended on their domestic animals to satisfy their need for clothing, and transportation. They did not use them for agricultural purposes. The people developed and maintained intricate networks of irrigated terraces to support their crops. Textile manufacture was an essential prehistoric economic activity in this region, as evidenced by the many weaving tools found at the archaeological site. They had trade and other interaction with neighboring areas in the High Lands. Through the Huaylas Pass (Callejon de Huaylas) they also traded with the Coast.
Metal artifacts have been found in the area, attesting to their skilled artisans. Their materials were not only gold, silver, and copper, but also gilded copper and some arsenic bronze mixtures.
By the late 19th century, there was international interest in the Region. As always happened in the Andean High Lands, European travelers disturbed the natural peace of the Region by publishing drawing reports of the Marca-Huamachuco ruins. Political unrest and an outbreak of fighting was reported by the New York Times of the United States in August 1883.
The province was named after the Peruvian politician Jose Faustino Sanchez Carrion ( Huamachuco, Trujillo, February 13, 1787, Lima, June 2, 1825). He was a pro-independence politician and also known as the "Solitary man from Sayan." He had a decisive role in the establishment of the republican system of government in post-independence Peru. He was one of the writers of the 1st political constitution of Peru, founded on ideas of liberty and equality. He later participated in the diplomatic mission which travelled to Guayaquil to invite Simon Bolivar to Peru. Sanchez Carrion served as Bolivar''s general minister, accompanying him throughout his victorious campaign in Peruvian soil and acquiring the necessary resources needed by the United Liberating Army, composed by the Liberation Expedition of Peru, Great Colombia, and Peru Republic. He served from 1824 to 1825 as Peru's Minister of Government and Foreign Relations, and as such signed the invitations written by Simon Bolivar for the American Nation's attendance to the Congress of Panama. He died prematurely, victim of an unknown sickness.
The Congress of Panama, often referred to as the "Amphic-Tyonic Congress, in homage to the Amphic-Tyonic of Ancient Greece, was organized by Simon Bolivar in 1826 with the goal of bringing together the New Republics of Latin America to develop an unified policy towards the crowns of Europe. Held in Panama City from June 22 to July 15 of that year, the meeting proposed creating a league of American Republics, with a common military, a mutual defense pact, and a supranational parliamentary assembly. The Congress of Panama had political ramifications in the United States and held up its mission by not approving funds or confirming delegates. The grandly titled "Treaty of Union, League, and Perpetual Confederation" that emerged from the Congress was ultimately only ratified by Grand Colombia, and Bolivar's dream soon foundered irretrievably with Civil War in that nation, the disintegration of Central America, and the emergence of a "false nationalism."
Thursday, June 2, 2016
MARCA-HUAMACHUCO ARCHEOLOGICAL RUINS.
Marca-Huamachuco is an archaeological site of Pre-Incan ruins in La Libertad Region of Peru. It is considered significant and has been referred to as the "Machu Picchu of the North" and "The Jewel of La Libertad Region."
Marca-Huamchuco was set atop the nexus of three Mountain Valleys at an altitude of more than 3,200 m /10,000 ft. Encompassing more than 5 km of land, the site is celebrated for its massive castles and unique circular double-walled archaeological structures. The isolated highland mesa is now accessible on 3 1/2 hours ride from the city of Trujillo.
It was an oracle center for religious and political ceremonies. They were very familiar to the position of the stars and the predestination of each individual at the moment of its birth and therefore the fate of the individual was determined by it. A different forms of entities were believed to rule over each section of the heavens retaining full authority over its region and followed very defined rules in order to deal with each other. If war was declared, each part used alliances with different dimensions in order to defend themselves from being absorbed by the enemy and make its power stronger. Every celestial movement and phenomenon, such as the rising and setting of the sun, the equinoxes and solstices, moon phases, eclipses and meteors, were understood to be the doings of these entities. These cosmic movements were therefore regularly noted, and elaborated charts and tables of their occurrences were made, and from these, human affairs and terrestrial events were interpreted as part of a war between them in order to achieve more universal power and control over the heavens.
The site is 5 km long and 500 m wide, with a vast view of the surroundings. It contains several major compounds. These were surrounded by curved stone walls as high as 12 meters. The remains of inner galleries, rooms and plazas suggest the religious ceremonial activities and administrative functions. Archaeological evidence suggests that human burials were made within the walls. The domestic residences were multi-storied galleries which originally housed numerous individual families.
The influence of Marca-Huamachuco Culture extended through much of Northern Andean High Lands in present-day Peru and Southern Ecuador.
Its importance have been related to their religious interrelationship with its neighbors, the Mochica to the West, the Recuay Culture to the South, Cajamarca in the North, and lesser known cultures of the Maranon. In the later stages of the culture, the site was used as a burial place for the priests class.
The reciting of its genealogy was a fundamental principle in this Pre-Incan Culture and it provided the basis for establishing, enhancing, and even challenging relationship between individuals as families, local guardian entities, and regional bodies. They were able to trace and recite a lineage not only through the many generations in a linear sense, but also between such generations in a lateral sense. It was defined as the genealogical descent of all living things from the gods to its present time. Since all living things included rocks and mountains were believed to possess souls, it was further defined as a basis for the organization of knowledge in the respect of the creation and the development of all things. It also implied a deep connection to land and roots of one's ancestry. In order to trace one's ancestry it was essential to identify the location where one's ancestral heritage began. The ancestral genealogy linked all people back to the land and sea and sky and outer universe. It connected the spiritual and physical world and all the entities in it. It enabled the identification of obligations and the developing of trust among the individuals that formed the different communities.
The massiveness and monumentality of the Marca-Huamchuco Complex reveals the importance of its construction and their function, a factor that has moved the Peruvian Government to support the conservation of this immense archaeological site by recently establishing funding for a major project for conservation of what visitors have denominated "The Machu Picchu of the North."
Marca-Huamchuco was set atop the nexus of three Mountain Valleys at an altitude of more than 3,200 m /10,000 ft. Encompassing more than 5 km of land, the site is celebrated for its massive castles and unique circular double-walled archaeological structures. The isolated highland mesa is now accessible on 3 1/2 hours ride from the city of Trujillo.
It was an oracle center for religious and political ceremonies. They were very familiar to the position of the stars and the predestination of each individual at the moment of its birth and therefore the fate of the individual was determined by it. A different forms of entities were believed to rule over each section of the heavens retaining full authority over its region and followed very defined rules in order to deal with each other. If war was declared, each part used alliances with different dimensions in order to defend themselves from being absorbed by the enemy and make its power stronger. Every celestial movement and phenomenon, such as the rising and setting of the sun, the equinoxes and solstices, moon phases, eclipses and meteors, were understood to be the doings of these entities. These cosmic movements were therefore regularly noted, and elaborated charts and tables of their occurrences were made, and from these, human affairs and terrestrial events were interpreted as part of a war between them in order to achieve more universal power and control over the heavens.
The site is 5 km long and 500 m wide, with a vast view of the surroundings. It contains several major compounds. These were surrounded by curved stone walls as high as 12 meters. The remains of inner galleries, rooms and plazas suggest the religious ceremonial activities and administrative functions. Archaeological evidence suggests that human burials were made within the walls. The domestic residences were multi-storied galleries which originally housed numerous individual families.
The influence of Marca-Huamachuco Culture extended through much of Northern Andean High Lands in present-day Peru and Southern Ecuador.
Its importance have been related to their religious interrelationship with its neighbors, the Mochica to the West, the Recuay Culture to the South, Cajamarca in the North, and lesser known cultures of the Maranon. In the later stages of the culture, the site was used as a burial place for the priests class.
The reciting of its genealogy was a fundamental principle in this Pre-Incan Culture and it provided the basis for establishing, enhancing, and even challenging relationship between individuals as families, local guardian entities, and regional bodies. They were able to trace and recite a lineage not only through the many generations in a linear sense, but also between such generations in a lateral sense. It was defined as the genealogical descent of all living things from the gods to its present time. Since all living things included rocks and mountains were believed to possess souls, it was further defined as a basis for the organization of knowledge in the respect of the creation and the development of all things. It also implied a deep connection to land and roots of one's ancestry. In order to trace one's ancestry it was essential to identify the location where one's ancestral heritage began. The ancestral genealogy linked all people back to the land and sea and sky and outer universe. It connected the spiritual and physical world and all the entities in it. It enabled the identification of obligations and the developing of trust among the individuals that formed the different communities.
The massiveness and monumentality of the Marca-Huamchuco Complex reveals the importance of its construction and their function, a factor that has moved the Peruvian Government to support the conservation of this immense archaeological site by recently establishing funding for a major project for conservation of what visitors have denominated "The Machu Picchu of the North."
LA LIBERTAD REGION OF PERU.
La Libertad is a Region in NorthWestern Peru. Formerly it was known as the Department of La Libertad. It is bordered by Lambayeque, Cajamarca and Amazonas Regions on the North, the San Martin Region on the East, The Ancash and Huanuco Regions on the South and the Pacific Ocean on the West. Its capital is Trujillo, which is the nation's 3rd biggest city.
The Region's main port is Salaverry. It is located 14 km/8.7 mi SouthEast Trujillo. The port is able to accomodate large ships including tourist ships as those of the Carnival Company.
During the Viceroyalty of Peru, La Libertad Region, together with the present-day regions of Lamba-Yeque, Piura and Tumbes Regions in Peru, and Guayaquil and El Oro Province in Ecuador, were all within the jurisdiction of the Intendencia of Trujillo. This were included in the domain of the city of Trujillo; together they comprised the Departamento of Trujillo of the Viceroyalty.
The Viceroyalty of Peru was a European administrative district, created in 1542, that originally contained most of the European-ruled South America, governed from the capital of Lima. The creation of New Granada and the Silver River (Rio de La Plata) Viceroyalties at the expense of Peru Viceroyalty's territory reduced the importance of Lima and shifted the lucrative Andean Trade to Buenos Aires, while the over extraction of the precious metals in the mines belonging to The Incas started to fall together with the production of textiles since they killed by millions the Andean population in charge of the production because of the extreme over explotation of it. It accelerated the progressive decay of the Viceroyalty of Peru. At the beginning of the 19th century, much of the Viceroyalty faded, when they were challenged by national independence movements that led to the formation of the modern-day countries of Peru, Chile, Colombia, Panama, Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Guyana, and Trinidad and Tobago, territories that at one point or another had constituted the Viceroyalty of Peru.
The Libertad is the only Peruvian Region that includes all three natural regions of the nation: Coast, High Lands (Sierra), and Rainforest (Selva).
Trujillo, the capital, has a strategic location, near where the Andes come closest to the Coast. Seen from Trujillo, the Andes appears as a row of low-elevation hills. The Andean Plateau increases altitude sharply to the East, in the provinces of Otuzco and Santiago de Chuco. These two provinces comprise the Pacific hydrographic watershed, which give rise to the Moche and Viru Rivers, to the South, and Chicama River to the North. Pacasmayo Province, one of the 12 provinces of the Region, located more to the North, is along the Coast. To the East, Sanchez Carrion Province (Huamachuco is its capital) waterways drain into the Amazon River and thus belong to the Atlantic watershed. About 30 mi away of Huamachuco is MarcaHuamachuco, a prehistoric religious and political center of a culture that thrived 350 CE to 1100 CE.
The Region's main port is Salaverry. It is located 14 km/8.7 mi SouthEast Trujillo. The port is able to accomodate large ships including tourist ships as those of the Carnival Company.
During the Viceroyalty of Peru, La Libertad Region, together with the present-day regions of Lamba-Yeque, Piura and Tumbes Regions in Peru, and Guayaquil and El Oro Province in Ecuador, were all within the jurisdiction of the Intendencia of Trujillo. This were included in the domain of the city of Trujillo; together they comprised the Departamento of Trujillo of the Viceroyalty.
The Viceroyalty of Peru was a European administrative district, created in 1542, that originally contained most of the European-ruled South America, governed from the capital of Lima. The creation of New Granada and the Silver River (Rio de La Plata) Viceroyalties at the expense of Peru Viceroyalty's territory reduced the importance of Lima and shifted the lucrative Andean Trade to Buenos Aires, while the over extraction of the precious metals in the mines belonging to The Incas started to fall together with the production of textiles since they killed by millions the Andean population in charge of the production because of the extreme over explotation of it. It accelerated the progressive decay of the Viceroyalty of Peru. At the beginning of the 19th century, much of the Viceroyalty faded, when they were challenged by national independence movements that led to the formation of the modern-day countries of Peru, Chile, Colombia, Panama, Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Guyana, and Trinidad and Tobago, territories that at one point or another had constituted the Viceroyalty of Peru.
The Libertad is the only Peruvian Region that includes all three natural regions of the nation: Coast, High Lands (Sierra), and Rainforest (Selva).
Trujillo, the capital, has a strategic location, near where the Andes come closest to the Coast. Seen from Trujillo, the Andes appears as a row of low-elevation hills. The Andean Plateau increases altitude sharply to the East, in the provinces of Otuzco and Santiago de Chuco. These two provinces comprise the Pacific hydrographic watershed, which give rise to the Moche and Viru Rivers, to the South, and Chicama River to the North. Pacasmayo Province, one of the 12 provinces of the Region, located more to the North, is along the Coast. To the East, Sanchez Carrion Province (Huamachuco is its capital) waterways drain into the Amazon River and thus belong to the Atlantic watershed. About 30 mi away of Huamachuco is MarcaHuamachuco, a prehistoric religious and political center of a culture that thrived 350 CE to 1100 CE.
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