The INCAS as the CROWN of all CIVILIZATIONS of the NEW WORLD.

The Mayas is one of the first and big civilizations in Middle America that had to cut its way out of the jungle in order to settle down. The Aztecs, another big one that had to conquer their way through Mexico. And very far to the South, the Mighty Incas, an Andean civilization that thrust upward through some of the world's most forbidding terrain that encompass the towering mountains and desert coast of Andean Peru. The Mighty Incas crowned these early civilizations of the New World and ruled from a capital 11,000 feet in the clouds.
They managed a perfect communication from the clouds to the coast without having a gross number of people affected by the altitude syndrome. Trepanation emerged 1000 years before them as a promising medical procedure. They performed this craniotomy to relieve pressure caused by fluid buildup due to severe head trauma. The survival rates approached 90 percent and infection levels were very low. They had a very deep knowledge of the anatomy of the cranial and were very secure in their procedures.
They excelled far more than the Mayas and the Aztecs on the material techniques of life: planning big cities and irrigation works, building highways and a network of communications, perfecting the domestic arts of weaving and pottery making. They have a passion for organization in every field. This passion was passed on from the cultures who preceded them, specially in art.
The Mighty Incas showed a versatile talent for domesticating plants, many of them unknown in the Old World. The ones in charge of this specific field were the Callawaya priests. They were known as natural healers and most of them were very familiar and had and still have understanding in how to use 600 herbs. The locals in average know about 300 of them. They still reside in the city named "La Rinconada," on today's Peru and it is the highest elevation human habitation in the world. From there they travel all over the Andes performing their art of natural healing in every little town they find in their way.
Some 4,500 years ago the early South Americans were already cultivating squash, peppers, gourds, beans and cotton on the coast of Peru. They were better farmers that their Europeans contemporaries. They had domesticated the potato (knowing 300 varieties of them), the tomato, the yam, the corn and the lima beans. The corn grew up in the mountains as its basic food crop with the huge sized purple (preparation of chicha drink) and yellow (for the fermented one) as the most popular ones. They found a source of wool by taming the llama and the alpaca. They terraced the mountainsides and built vast irrigation systems without altering the sacred path of the water.
They did not use writing or reading as means of communication, instead they used nature as the teacher of everything. All that is known of their progress is what archaeologists have been able to find out.