EUROPEAN MONARCHIES TRANSFERRED TO THE NEW WORLD.

There are 13 monarchies in North and South America. By the time Europeans arrived on the continents in the late 15th and early 16th centuries most pre-Columbian cultures of the Americas developed and flourished for centuries under a monarchical system of government completely different than the ones of the Old World. However many of these civilizations were forced to cease by the agents of the European monarchical powers establishing new American administrations overseen by delegated viceroys.
The title of Viceroy was originally used by the Crown of Aragon, where beginning in the 14th century it referred to the governors of Sardinia and Corsica. In Europe, until the 18th century the Habs-Burg Crown appointed Viceroys of Aragon, Valencia, Catalonia, Navarra, Portugal, Sardinia, Sicily, and Naples. With the ascension of the House of Bourbon to the Spanish Throne, the historic Aragonese Viceroyalties were replaced by new Captaincies General. At the end of War of the Spanish Succession, the Spanish Monarchy was shorn of its Italian possessions. These Italian territories, however, continued to have Viceroys under their new rulers for some time.
The Americas were incorporated into the Crown of Castile.
The Crown of Castile was a medieval state in the Iberian Peninsula that formed in 1230 as a result of the 3rd and definitive union of Crowns. It continued to exist as a separate entity after the personal union in 1469 of the Crowns of Castile and Aragon with the marriage of the Catholic Monarchs up to the Dynastic Union occasioned by the succession of Charles I of Spain, the Habs-Burg heir to both Crowns in 1516. Isabella I and Ferdinand II married in secret. The union was not effective until the reign of his grandson Charles I (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V). Ferdinand and Isabella were related and had married without papal approval. A dispensation arrived later and Pope Alexander VI bestowed upon them the title of "The Catholic Monarchs."
With the Spanish colonization of the Americas, the institution of Viceroys was adapted to govern the highly populated and wealthy regions of the North overseas: New Spain (Mexico and Philippines) and South overseas: Peru and South America. The Viceroys of these 2 areas had oversight over the other provinces, with most of the North American, Central American, Caribbean, and East Indian areas supervised by the Viceroy in Mexico City and the South American ones by the Viceroy in Lima, with the exception of most of today's Venezuela, which was overseen by the High Court, or Audiencia of Santo Domingo on the Island of Hispaniola for most of the Colonial Period. There were 2 Viceroyalties until the 18th century, when the new Bourbon Dynasty established 2 additional Viceroyalties on South America. New Viceroyalties were created for New Granada in 1717 (capital, Bogota) and the Rio de la Plata in 1776 (capital, Buenos Aires).
The House of Bourbon is a European Royal House of French Origin, a branch of the capetian Dynasty.  The Capetian Dynasty also known as the House of France, is a Dynasty of Frankish origin founded by Hugh Capet. It is among the largest and oldest European Royal Houses, consisting of Hugh Capet's male -line descendants. It ruled in France as the House of Capet from the ascension of Hugh Capet in 987 until the death of Charles IV in 1328. Hugh Capet (941-24 October 996) succeeded the last Carolingian King, Louis V.  Hugh was the son of Hugh the Great, Duke of the franks, and Hedwige of Saxony, daughter of the German king Henry the Fowler. He was born into a well-connected and powerful family with so many ties to the Royal Houses of France and Germany. Through his mother, Hugh was the nephew to: -Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor; - Henry I, Duke of Bavaria; -Bruno the Great, Archbishop of Cologne; - and Gerberga of Saxony, Queen of France. Gerberga was the wife of Louis IV, King of France and mother of Lothair of France and Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine. His paternal family, the Robertians, were powerful landowners in the Ile-de-France. His grandfather had been King Robert I. King Odo was his granduncle and King Rudolph was his uncle by affinity. Hugh was a 7th generation descendant of Charlemagne as follows: -Hugh Capet, son of -Hugh the Great, son of -Beatrice of Vermandois, daughter of -Herbert I, Count of Vermandois, son of -Bernard of Italy, King of the Lombards, son of -Pepin of Italy, King of the Lombards, son of -Chalemagne,
The Dynasty had a crucial role in the formation of the French State. Members of the Dynasty were traditionally Catholic. The early Capetians had an alliance with the Church. The French were also the most active participants in the Crusades, culminating in a series of 5 Crusader Kings -Louis VII, Philip Augustus, Louis VIII, Saint Louis, and Philip III.
During some periods of the Iberian Union, between 1580 and 1640, the King assigned to Spain, who was also King of Portugal, appointed Viceroys to govern Portugal itself, as the King had multiple Realms throughout Europe and had to delegate his powers to various Viceroys.  The title of Viceroy was awarded only to the members of the nobility. From 1505 to 1896 Portuguese India included all Portuguese possessions in the Indian Ocean, from Southern Africa to SouthEast Asia and Australasia.
At the end of the Iberian Union in 1640, the governors of Brazil that were members of the Portuguese high nobility started to use also the title of Viceroy. Brazil became a permanent Viceroyalty in 1763, when the capital of the State of Brazil was transferred from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro.